Ideal Gas Model: Review, Ideal Gas Model, Ideal Gas Equation of State, Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gases

Ideal Gas Model
Review, Ideal Gas Model, Ideal gas equation of

state, Thermodynamic properties of Ideal gases
Review P-V diagram
T-V diagram
P
Compressed Liquid region
Higher pressures P > Psat at given T
Lower Temperature T < Tsat at given P
Lower specific volumes V < Vf at a given P or T
Lower internal energies U < Uf at a given P or T
Lower enthalpies h < hf at a given P or T

Superheated vapor region
Lower pressures P < Psat at given T
Higher Temperatures T > Tsat at given P
Higher specific volumes V > Vg at a given P or T
Higher internal energies u > ug at a given P or T
Higher enthalpies h > hg at a given P or T

Saturated ( Two-phase mixture)
Pressures P = Psat at given T
Temperatures T = Tsat at given P
Specific volumes Vf < V < Vg at a given P or T
Internal energies uf < u < ug at a given P or T
Enthalpies hf < h < hg at a given P or T

Ideal Gas Model
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of a set of randomly-moving, non-
interacting point particles.
Follows the ideal gas equation of state.
Where R is the gas constant:

Ideal Gas model
Most real gases behave qualitatively like an ideal gas. Many gases such as
air, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, noble gases, and some heavier gases like
carbon dioxide can be treated like ideal gases within reasonable tolerances.
However, the ideal gas equation of state does not provide an acceptable
approximation at all states.
Generally, a gas behaves more like an ideal gas at higher temperature and
lower density (i.e. lower pressure).
The ideal gas model tends to fail at lower temperatures or higher pressures,
when intermolecular forces and molecular size become important. It also fails
for most heavy gases, such as water vapor or many refrigerants.
Ideal Gas Model
pv  RT Eq. 1
u  u (T ) Eq. 2
h  h(T )  u (T )  RT Eq. 3
The specific internal energy and enthalpy of gases generally depend on

two independent properties, not just temperature as presumed by the
ideal gas behavior.
Example 1
An automobile tire with a volume of 100 liters is inflated to a gage pressure of
210 kPa. Determine a) the mass of air in the tire if the temperature is 20°C, and
b) the increase in gage pressure if the temperature in the tire reaches 50°C.
Assume that atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa.
For part b) the temperature in the tire increases to 50°C (323K), however
the volume and mass of air in the tire remains constant, thus:
Note for the SI challenged - initially the pressure was 30 psig, and then rose
to 35 psig.
Example 2
The gage pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 210 kPa before a
trip and 220 kPa after the trip at a location where the atmospheric pressure
is 95 kPa. Assuming the volume of the tire remains constant and the air
temperature before the trip is 25 deg C, determine the air temperature in the
tire after the trip.
The absolute pressures in the tire before and after the trip are :
P1  Pgage1  Patm  210  95  305 kPa

P2  Pgage2  Patm  220  95  315 kPa
Note that air is an ideal gas and the volume is constant, the air temperatures
after the trip is determined to be
P1V1 P2V2

T1 T2
P2 315 kPa
T2  T1  (25  273 K)  307.8 K  34.8C
P1 305 kPa
Therefore, the absolute temperature of air in the tire will increase by 6.9%.
Example 3
If you were to take a volleyball scuba diving with you what would be its new
volume if it started at the surface with a volume of 2.00L, under a pressure of
752.0 mmHg and a temperature of 20.0°C? On your dive you take it to a place
where the pressure is 2943 mmHg, and the temperature is 0.245°C.
P1V1 P2V2

T1 T2
P1  T2  752 mm Hg  0.245C  273 K 
V2   V1   (2 L)  0.48 L
P2  T1  2943 mm Hg  20C  273 K 
Example 4
At what temperature does 5.00g of H2 occupy a volume of 50.0 L at a pressure
of 1.01 atm?
Convert first: 5 g = 0.005 kg Note: 1 kg = 1000 g

50 L = 0.05 cu.m 1 cu. m = 1000 L
1.01 atm = 102.34 kPa 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
PV  mRT
where P  pressure in kPa

V  volume in m 3
T  temperatu re in K
R  gas constant
PV  mRT
PV
T
mR
Ru 8.314 kJ
R   4.12
M 2.016 kg  K
Hydrogen molecular mass can be found in the steam tables.

PV (102.34)(0.05)
T   248.39 K or - 24.60C
mR (0.005)( 4.12)
Example 5
A piston-cylinder device contains 0.5 kg saturated liquid water at a pressure of
200 kPa. Heat is added and the steam expands at constant pressure until it
reaches 300°C.
a) Draw a diagram representing the process showing the initial and final states
of the system.
b) Sketch this process on a T-v (temperature-specific volume) diagram with
respect to the saturation lines and relevant constant pressure lines, clearly
indicating the initial and final states.
c) Using steam tables determine the initial temperature of the steam prior to
heating.
d) Using steam tables determine the final volume of the steam after heating
e) Using the ideal gas equation of state determine the final volume of the steam
after heating. Determine the percentage error of using this method compared to
that of using the steam tables
c) Since state (1) is specified as saturated liquid at 200 kPa, we use
the saturated pressure steam tables to determine that
T1 = Tsat@ 200kPa = 120.2°C.
d) From the T-v diagram we determine that state (2) is in the superheated
region, thus we use the superheated steam tables to determine that
v2 = v200kPa,300°C = 1.3162 m3/kg.
Thus V2 = m,v2 = (0,5kg).(1.3162 m3/kg) = 0.658 m3 (658 liters)

Note:
Finally we determine the percentage error of using the ideal gas

equation at state (2)
Internal energy, enthalpy and
specific heats of ideal gases
For a gas obeying the ideal gas model, specific internal energy depends only on
temperature. Hence the specific heat, Cv is also a function of temperature alone.
du
cv (T )  (ideal gas) Eq. 4
dT
du  cv (T )dT Eq. 5
On integration
T2
u (T2 )  u (T1 )   cv (T )dT Eq. 6
T1
Similarly, for a gas obeying the ideal gas model, the specific enthalpy
depends only on temperature, so the specific heat Cp, is also a function
of temperature alone.
dh
c p (T )  (ideal gas) Eq. 7
dT
dh  c p (T )dT Eq. 8
On integration
T2
h(T2 )  h(T1 )   c p (T )dT Eq. 9
T1
What is specific heat (Cp and Cv)?
Heat capacity (usually denoted by a capital C, often with subscripts),

or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes
the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given
amount.
Water requires 1 calorie for each gram of water present and each
degree Celsius that those grams of water heat up. Other materials
require a different amount of calories to heat up.
An important relationship between the ideal gas specific heats can be
developed by differentiating eq 3 with respect to the temperature.
dh du
 R
dT dT
And introducing eq. 4 and eq 7. to obtain
c p (T )  cv (T )  R Eq. 10
Note: Cp > Cv
For an ideal gas, the specific heat ratio, k, is also a function of temperature
only
c p (T )
k Eq. 11
cv (T )
Since Cp > Cv, it follows that k > 1. Combining equations 10 and 11 results
in
kR
c p (T )  Eq. 12a
k 1
R
cv (T )  Eq. 12b
k 1
Evaluating Δu and Δh of ideal
gases
Although changes in specific enthalpy and specific internal energy can
be obtained by integrating specific heat expressions, such evaluations
are more easily conducted in this section.
To obtain enthalpy versus temperature
T
h(T )   c p (T )dT  h(Tref )
Tref
Where: Tref is an arbitrary ref. temperature and h(Tref) is an arbitrary

value for enthalpy at the reference temperature.
The ideal gas tables are based on the selection h = 0 at Tref = 0 K.
T
h(T )   c p (T )dT Eq 13
0
When the specific heats are taken as constants, eqs 6 and eqs 9 are
reduced to:
u  u (T2 )  u (T1 )  cv (T2  T1 ) Eq. 14
h  h(T2 )  h(T1 )  c p (T2  T1 ) Eq. 15
Equations 14 and 15 are often used for thermodynamic analysis involving

ideal gases because they enable simple closed form equations to be
developed for many processes.

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Ideal Gas Model

Review, Ideal Gas Model, Ideal gas equation of

Lower Temperature T < Tsat at given P

Lower specific volumes V < Vf at a given P or T

Lower internal energies U < Uf at a given P or T

Lower enthalpies h < hf at a given P or T

Higher Temperatures T > Tsat at given P

Higher specific volumes V > Vg at a given P or T

Higher internal energies u > ug at a given P or T

Higher enthalpies h > hg at a given P or T

Temperatures T = Tsat at given P

Specific volumes Vf < V < Vg at a given P or T

Internal energies uf < u < ug at a given P or T

Enthalpies hf < h < hg at a given P or T

Follows the ideal gas equation of state.

Where R is the gas constant:

The specific internal energy and enthalpy of gases generally depend on

P1  Pgage1  Patm  210  95  305 kPa

Convert first: 5 g = 0.005 kg Note: 1 kg = 1000 g

where P  pressure in kPa

Hydrogen molecular mass can be found in the steam tables.

T1 = Tsat@ 200kPa = 120.2°C.

v2 = v200kPa,300°C = 1.3162 m3/kg.

Thus V2 = m,v2 = (0,5kg).(1.3162 m3/kg) = 0.658 m3 (658 liters)

Finally we determine the percentage error of using the ideal gas

Heat capacity (usually denoted by a capital C, often with subscripts),

And introducing eq. 4 and eq 7. to obtain

To obtain enthalpy versus temperature

Where: Tref is an arbitrary ref. temperature and h(Tref) is an arbitrary

u  u (T2 )  u (T1 )  cv (T2  T1 ) Eq. 14

h  h(T2 )  h(T1 )  c p (T2  T1 ) Eq. 15

Equations 14 and 15 are often used for thermodynamic analysis involving

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