Materials I: Lecture Course 5 Phase Diagrams. Fe-C Diagram. Crystallisation of Alloys in Fe - Fe C System

MATERIALS I
LECTURE COURSE 5
PHASE DIAGRAMS.
FE-C DIAGRAM.
CRYSTALLISATION OF ALLOYS IN FE – FE3C SYSTEM
The diagram with limited solubility and eutectic formation
There exists a limited solubility of

B component in A component (c %) α solid solution
A B (d %) β solid solution
α, β – component-base solid solutions
Eutectic :

LE tE
(a+ b) = E
The diagram with limited solubility and eutectic formation
The diagram with limited and variable solubility
and eutectic formation
· The alloys in the system exhibit a limited solubility A(B) = α si B(A) = β
· The solubility decreases with the temperature (most frequent case)

→ secondary separation of β’’ around the α grains
and α’’ around β grains; the phase separations form a network
· The solid solutions reach their saturation (maximum concentration) at

the eutectic temperature: αC , βD
LEVER RULE
Lever rule: An isothermal segment is drawn between the concentrations of
phases / structural constituents. The amount (%) of a phase / structural
constituent is equal to the ratio between the isothermal segment that opposes
the corresponding concentration and the whole segment.
Total insolubility diagram; Total insolubility diagram;

Application of the lever rule for phases Application of the lever rule for
structural constituents
d b
Aphase = ´ 100[%]
c+d A = ´ 100[%]
structuralconst. a+b
c ´100[%] a
Bphase = E =´100[%]
c+d a +b
Diagrams with allotropic transformations of components
Eutectoid diagram
· Eutectoid: Mechanical admixture resulted by the isothermal
decomposition of a solid solution of a given composition.
Between A β and B β :
total solubility – γ solid solution;
Between Aα and Bα: total insolubility
Eutectoid:
g 
E
tE
( Aa + Ba ) = E
Fe-C DIAGRAM
· Critical temperatures of iron:

2 allotropic transformations + Curie temperature
· Ts = 1539°C → Feα
· A4 = 1394°C – allotropic transformation ;
· A3 = 912°C – allotropic transformation ;
· [A2 = 770°C (Curie temperature)]

Fe-C DIAGRAM
Stable system: Fe – graphite
Metastable system: Fe – Fe3C (cementite)
Phases and structural constituents
1. Phases Ferrite Feα(C) solid solution – b.c.c.

(~80 – 90 HB, Rm≈250 – 300 MPa, A≈25 – 40%);
Austenite Feγ(C) solid solution – f.c.c. (high ductility)

Not at room temperature in binary alloys;
Cementite chemical compound with the formula Fe3C

6.67% C
High hardness (>700 HB), brittle;
Fe-C DIAGRAM
Fe-C DIAGRAM
2. Heterogeneous constituents
Pearlite eutectoid

°
A
0.77%C
727 C
(F + Fe3C ) = P
(200 – 220 HB, Rm≈750 – 800 MPa, A≈10 – 12 %)
in equilibrium state, cementite lamellae on a ferrite
background;
Ledeburite eutectic

1148°C 
L4.3%C ( A + Fe3C ) = Led
hard and brittle
typical constituent in white cast irons;
Fe-C DIAGRAM
PL – lamellar pearlite (equilibrium)

PG – globular pearlite (after subsequent heat treatment)
L – ledeburite (room temperature)
Fe-C DIAGRAM
Fe-C DIAGRAM
Steels – alloys between 0 and 2.11%C

ferritic (maximum 0.05%C) F
hypo-eutectoid (0.05 – 0.77%C) F+P
eutectoid (~0.77%C) P
hyper-eutectoid (0.77 – 2.11%C) P + C’’
White cast irons – alloys between 2.11 and 6.67%C

hypo-eutectic (2.11 – 4.3%C) P + C’’ + Led
eutectic (~4.3%C) Led
hyper-eutectic (4.3 – 6.67%C) Led + C’
Steel with 0.01%C (Ferritic)
L → (L + F → F → F + A) → A → A + F → F
Steel with 0.77% C (eutectoid)
L → L + A → A (727°C) → P = (F + C)
Hypo-eutectoid steel (~ 0.01% C - 0.77% C)
L → (L + F) → L + A → A
→A+F→F+P
Etching: Nital 3% Etching: Nital 3%
Steel with 0.2%C Steel with 0.35%C
Etching: Nital 3% x500

Etching: Nital 3% x635
Steel with 0.45%C Steel with 0.65%C
hyper- eutectoid steel (0.77 – 2.11%C)
L → L + A → A → A + C’’→ P + C’’
Atac chimic: Nital 3% x1000

Otel cu 1.4%C
Eutectic white cast iron (4.3%C)
L → (A + C) = Led 1148°C
Led → Transformed led. 727°C Etching: Nital 3% x650
Eutectic white cast iron
Hyper-eutectic white cast iron(4.3 – 6.67%C)
L → L + C’ → Led + C’ → Tr.Led. + C’ Etching: Nital 3% x500

5%C white cast iron
Hypo-eutectic white cast iron (2.11 – 4.3%C)
L → L + A → Led + A + C’’→ Tr.Led. + P + C’’ Etching: Nital 3% x1000

3%C white cast iron
Glossary
· solubilitate = solubility;
· soluţie solidă marginală = component-based solid solution;
· pârghie = lever;
· reţea (faza) = network;
· eutectoid = eutectoid;
· stabil / metastabil = stable / meta-stable;
· ferită = ferrite;
· austenită = austenite;
· cementită = cementite;
· perlită = pearlite;
· ledeburită = ledeburite;
· oţel = steel;
· fontă (albă) = (white) cast iron;
· hipoeutectoid = hypo-eutectoid;
· hipereutectoid = hyper-eutectoid;

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MATERIALS I

There exists a limited solubility of

α, β – component-base solid solutions

· The alloys in the system exhibit a limited solubility A(B) = α si B(A) = β

· The solubility decreases with the temperature (most frequent case)

· The solid solutions reach their saturation (maximum concentration) at

Total insolubility diagram; Total insolubility diagram;

Between Aα and Bα: total insolubility

· Critical temperatures of iron:

· A4 = 1394°C – allotropic transformation ;

· A3 = 912°C – allotropic transformation ;

· [A2 = 770°C (Curie temperature)]

Metastable system: Fe – Fe3C (cementite)

Phases and structural constituents

1. Phases Ferrite Feα(C) solid solution – b.c.c.

Austenite Feγ(C) solid solution – f.c.c. (high ductility)

Cementite chemical compound with the formula Fe3C

PL – lamellar pearlite (equilibrium)

Steels – alloys between 0 and 2.11%C

White cast irons – alloys between 2.11 and 6.67%C

Etching: Nital 3% x500

Atac chimic: Nital 3% x1000

L → L + C’ → Led + C’ → Tr.Led. + C’ Etching: Nital 3% x500

L → L + A → Led + A + C’’→ Tr.Led. + P + C’’ Etching: Nital 3% x1000

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