AFL1502

Imofoloji (Morphology) neSinteksi (Syntax)

PRESENTER

 Mr. E.N. Nzimande

 E-mail: nzimaen@unisa.ac.za
 Tel: 012 429 8531
IMofoloji(Morphology)

 Imofoloji siyangayichaza njengesifundo sokwakheka kwamagama.

 Yisifundo sezakhi zamagama noma amamofimu
 Isakhi noma imofimu yona singayichaza njengengxenye incane yegama engeke
yacozululwa ibe izingxenyana ezincane.
 Kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zamamofimu/zezakhi: amamofimu azimele (free
morphemes), kanye namamofimu abhangqiwe (bound morphemes)
 Amamofimu azimele: nya, bhuqe, du, ngqi, (ideophones/izenzukuthi)
 Amamofimu abhangqiwe: umfana, isisu (amabizo/nouns)
um- = isilaqo (imofimu yokuqala)
-fana = isiqu (imofimu yesibili)
Isinteksi (Syntax)

 Isinteksi singayichaza njengesifundo sokwakheka kwemishwana kanye

nemisho.
 Iyisifundo sokuhlanganiswa kwamagama ahlukene ukwakha imisho enomqondo
nezwakalayo.
 Indlela amagama okumele abhaleke ngayo nokumele alandelane ngayo
emshweni ilawulwa yimithetho yesinteksi.
 Umthetho wesinteksi uthi umusho ophelele kumele ube nenhloko kanye
nesenzo, isib. ingane iyafunda.
 Futhi emushweni ojwayelekile inhloko/umenzi uba sekuqaleni komusho.
 Umenziwa yena ngokujwayelekile uba sekugcineni komusho, isib. Umfana
ukhahlela ibhola. (Ibhola = umenziwa).
Ibizo (Noun)

 Ibizo lisho igama lento ebonakalayo noma engabonakali.

 Liyigama elimele into ethile noma umuntu.
 Amabizo asho into ebonakalayo singabala kuwo:
 Imbuzi ‘goat’
 Umuntu ‘person’
 Utshani ‘grass’
 Imoto ‘car’
 Inkukhu ‘chicken’
Ibizo (Noun) liyaqhubeka …

 Amabizo asho into engabonakali singabala kuwo:

 Umoya ‘air/wind’
 Ukufa ‘death’
 Ubugwala ‘cowardice’
 Ukugula ‘sickness’
 Inhloso ‘objective/aim’
Ibizo (Noun) liyaqhubeka …

 EsiZulwini kuphinde futhi kube khona amabizo endabuko (original nouns)

Kanye namabizo okubolekwa (borrowed/loan nouns).
 Amabizo endabuko singabala kuwo:
 Ingane ‘child’
 Ukudla ‘food’
 Inja ‘dog’
 Umoya ‘air/wind’
 Ukuthula ‘quietness/silence’
Ibizo (Noun) liyaqhubeka …

 Kanti amabizo okubolekwa wona yilawa alandelayo:

 Isenti ‘cent’
 Irama ‘rama’
 Ipuleti ‘plate’
 Iwindi ‘window’
 Ikati ‘cat’
 Iphepha ‘paper’
 Ifonoloji ‘phonology’
Ukusebenza kwebizo emshweni

 Ibizo lisebenza ngale ndlela emshweni:

Izingane zibhukuda olwandle.
Ikhekhe liyadliwa.
Ubaba uganwe yisithembu.
Uthisha ufundsa abafundi.
Inja iluma ikati.
imbuzi idla utshani.
Izigaba zamabizo (noun classes)

 Ibizo lakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili: isiqalo + isiqu.

 Isib. Isi- (isiqalo) + -nkwa (isiqu) = isinkwa
 Isiqu (stem) sebizo asiguquki kodwa okuguqukayo isiqalo (prefix).
 Esizulwini kunalezi gaba zamabizo ezilandelayo:
1. um(u)- 4. imi- 9. in-/im- 14. ubu-
2. aba-/abe- 5. ili- 10. izin-/izim- 15. uku-
1. (a) u- 6. ama- 11. ulu-
2. (a) o- 7. isi- 12.
3. umu 8. izi- 13.
Izigaba zamabizo (noun classes) …

 Lezi gaba ezilandelayo akusezona izigama zamabizo kodwa sekuyiziqalo

zezandiso:
 Pha- (isib. phakathi, phambili)
 Ku- (isib. kude, kuyo, kuSipho)
 Mu- (isib. muva)
Izibonelo (examples)

1. um(u)- (umuntu/um(u)ntwana)
2. aba- (abathakathi)
1. (a) u- (ugogo)
2. (a) o- (ogogo)
3. umu (umuthi)
4. imi- (imizi)
5. ili- (ilitshe)
6. ama- (amazambane)
Izibonelo (examples) …

7. isi- (isisu)
8. izi- (izizwe)
9. in-/im (inkomo/imvu)
10. izin-/izim- (izinja/izimfene)
11. ulu- (uluthi)
12.
13.
14. ubu- (ubuso)
15. uku- (ukufa)
Ubunye nobuningi

 Uma sisa amabizo ethu ebuningini, isigaba sawo siyashintsha.

 Kodwa ukushintsha kwawo kuyefana,
 Lokho okusho ukuthi uma ibizo lesigaba ‘1.’ lishintshela esigabeni ‘2.’
uma silisa ebuningini, wonke amabizo esigaba ‘1.’ azoshintshela
esigabeni ‘2.’ uma siwayisa ebuningini.
 Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni kwaziwe ukuthi iziphi izigaba zamabizo
ezihambisanayo ngokobunye nobuningi.
Ubunye nobuningi

Izigaba ezihambisanayo ngokobunye nobuningi zimi kanje:

Ubunye Ubuningi
1. um(u)- (um(u)ntwana) 2. aba- (abantwana)
1.(a) u- (ugogo) 2. (a) o- (ogogo)
3. umu- (umuzi) 4. imi- (imizi)
5. ili- (ilizwe) 6. ama- (amazwe)
7. isi- (isitsha) 8. izi- (izitsha)
9. in-/im- (inkomo/imvu) 10. izin-/izim- (izinkomo/izimvu)
11. ulu- (uluthi) 10. izin- (izinti)
Ubunye nobuningi …

Ubunye Ubuningi
12. - -
13. - -
14. ubu- (ubuzwe) -
15. uku- (ukudla) -
Ukwakhiwa kwamabizo amasha

 Ezilimini eziningi kukhona amabizo akhiwa ngokususelwa kwezinye izingcezu

zenkulumo.
 NasesiZulwini lukhona lolu hlobo lwamabizo.
 Ngokujwayelekile esiZulwini amabizo amasha akhiwa ngokususelwa
ezenzweni.
 Yilezi ezilandelayo izibonelo zamabizo asuselwe ezenzweni:
 Hamba – umhambi/abahambi
 Khuluma – isikhulumi/izikhulumi
 Yidla – ukudla
 Faka - ukufaka
 busa – ukubusa/umbuso/imibuso
Amabizombaxa

 Ambabizombaxa angenye yezindlela zokhwaka amabizo amasha.

 La mabizo akhiwa ngokuhlanganisa izingcezu zenkulumo ezimbili.
 Aphinde futhi abizwe ngamabizongxube.
 Nazi izibonelo ezilandelayo:
Ibizo nebizo
umninindlu = umnikazi + indlu
Isenzo nesabizwana
uvumazonke = vuma + zonke
Isenzo nesenzo
ucelazimnike = cela = nika
Amabizombaxa …

Ibizo nesiphawulo
ubabamkhulu = ubaba + omkhulu
Ibizo nongumnini
umfowabo = umfo + wabo
Ibizo nesenzo
uzinyobulala = izinyo + bulala
Izijobelelo zamabizo

 EsiZulwini kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezijobelelo: isijobelelo sesinciphiso

nesijobelelo sesikhuliso.
 Isijobelelo sokunciphisa yilesi: -ana.
 Isijobelelo sesinciphiso sisetshenziswa:
 Ukukhomba ubuncane bento: isib. umntwana, inkosana, amanzana,
impushana
 Ukukhomba indelelo: isib. ikhanjana, imiconjwana, umkhatshana,
intshetshana.
Izijobelelo zamabizo …

 Isijobelelo sesikhuliso sona yilesi: -kazi.

 Sisetshenziswa:
 Ukukhulisa into: indlebekazi, isihluthukazi, indukukazi.
 Ukukhomba ubulili besifazane: insikazi, inkomazi, isikhukhukazi.
Isilandiso (Predicate)

 Isilandiso yigama elisitshela ngesenzeko.

 Lisitshela ngalokho okwenzekayo/okwenziwayo.
 Imvamisa lisitshela ngalokho okwenziwa ngumenzi/yinhloko emshweni.
 Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zesilandiso: isenzo nesibanjalo
Isenzo (Verb)

 Isenzo singolunye lwezingcezu zenkulumo olimini.

 Ulimi nolimi lunamagama abizwa ngokuthi izenzo.
 EsiZulwini akukho lula ukuchaza ukuthi siyini isenzo.
 Kodwa-ke singasho ukuthi isenzo siyigama elisitshela ngesenzeko.
 Siyigama elibalula ngalokho esikwenzayo.
 Siyigama elisitshela ngalokho okwenziwa ngumenzi/yinhloko yomusho.
 Emushwemi olula isenzo sakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili: isivumelwano sikamenzi
+ isiqu.
 Isib. Bakhuluma
Ba- = isivumelwano sikamenzi; -khuluma = isiqu.
Isenzo (Verb) …

 Kuyenzeka kwesinye isikhathi ukuthi isenzo sibe nesivumelwano sikamenziwa

uma imisho yethu isiya ngokuya iba nzima.
 Isib. bayalikhahlela
ba = isimumelwano sikamenzi; ya = isakhi sento eqhubekayo ;
li = isivumelwano sikamenziwa; -khahlela = isiqu
uzokupheka
u = isivumelwano sikamenzi; zo = isakhi senkathi ezayo;
ku = isivumelwano sikamenziwa; -pheka = isiqu
Izinhlobo zezenzo (Types of verbs)

 Izenzo zahlulahlukene ngokwezinhlobo zazo.

 Ukwehlukana esikhuluma ngakho la ukwehlukana mayelana namalungu isiqu
sesenzo esinawo.
 Kukhona izenzo:
 Ezilunga linye
 Ezimalunga mabili
 Ezimalunga mathathu
 Ezimalunga maningi (angaphezu kwamathathu)
Izenzo ezilunga linye (Monosyllabic
verbs)
 Izenzo ezilunga linye ilezo ezinesiqu esiyilunga elilodwa.
 Isib.:
 -fa > Wafa umuntu. ‘The person is dying/died.’
 -pha > Ipha ingane ukudla. ‘Give the child food.’
 -dla > Sadla sesutha kwakho. ‘We ate until we were satisfied at
your home.’
 -ma > Sama kwaze kwafika ibhasi ‘We waited until the bus came.’
Izenzo ezimalunga mabili (Disyllabic
verbs)
 Izenzo ezimalunga mabili ilezo ezineziqu ezakhiwe amalunga amabili.
 Isib.:
 -dlala > Uthemba udlala ibhola. ‘Themba is playing the ball.’
 -funda > Izingane zifunda isiZulu. ‘Children are learning Zulu.’
 -thela > Umama uthela amanzi. ‘The mother is pouring water.’
 -Bhema > Indoda ibhema ugwayi. ‘The man is smoking cigarette.’
 -cula > Umfowethu ucula ingoma. ‘My brother is singing a song.’
Izenzo ezimalunga mabili (Disyllabic
verbs) …
 Ezibonelweni ezingenhla kunalamalunga alandelayo akhe izenzo:
 -dlala > –dla- + -la
 -funda > -fu- + -nda
 -thela > -the- + -la
 -bhema > -bhe- + -ma
 -cula > -cu- + -la
Izenzo ezimalunga mathathu
(Trisyllabic verbs)
 Izenzo ezimalunga mathathu ilezo ezineziqu ezakhiwe amalunga amathathu.
 Isib.:
 -sebenza > Ubaba usebenza eGoli. ‘My father is working in Joburg.’
 -hlikihla > Uthami uhlikihla ubuso. ‘Thami is rubbing the face.’
 -khahlela > Umfana ukhahlela ibhola. ‘The boy is kicking the ball.’
 -Khuluma > Ingane ikhuluma nothisha. ‘The learner is talking to the
teacher.’
 -dubula > USipho udubula ubhejane. ‘Sipho is shooting the rhino.’
Izenzo ezinamalunga amaningi
(Multisyllabic verbs)
 Izenzo ezinamalunga amaningi ilezo ezineziqu ezakhiwe amalunga amane
noma ngaphezulu.
 Isib.:
 -vundulula > Uzinhle uvundulula isikibha sakhe. ‘Zinhle is searching
for her T-shirt.
 -dikibala > Uvele wadikibala uma bemtshela. ‘He/she lost interest
when they told
him/her.
 -bhaxabula > Ubaba ubhaxabula ingane. ‘The father is beating the
child.’
Ukusebenza kwesenzo (the function of
the verb)
 Sike sasho ekuqaleni kwesifundo ukuthi isenzo sisebenza ukuchaza into
esenziwa umenzi.
 Isenzo sisebenza ngale ndlela elandelayo emshweni:
 Inja idla ukudla. ‘The dog is eating food.’
 Ingane ifunda incwadi. ‘The child is reading the book.’
 Umthakathi ugibele imfene. ‘The wizard is riding the baboon.’
 Uthisha umaka isivivinyo. ‘The teacher is marking the exam.’
 UMlahleni ujikijela itshe. ‘Mlahleni is throwing the stone.’
Isibanjalo

 Isibanjalo naso senza umsebenzi ofanayo nowenziwa yisenzo emshweni.

 Naso sichaza ngesenzeko/ngalokho okwenziwa ngumenzi/yinhloko yomusho.
 Isib. Abanecala othisha/ngothisha.
 Igama ‘othisha/ngothisha’ kulo musho yisibanjalo.
 Isibanjalo singakhiwa ngalezi ngcezu zenkulumo:
Amabizo, isib. Ngabafana, wuSipho, yingane
Izabizwana, isib. Yimi, nguye, yibo, yithi, ngizo, yizo.
Iziphawulo, isib. Mfushane/mfishane, mubi, mude, mkhulu, mncane.
Izibaluli, isib. Imhlophe, zimnyama, baqotho, kumnandi.
Izandiso, isib. Baphansi, bakude, basemfuleni, usekhaya.
Izibonelo zokusebenza kwesibanjalo
emshweni
 Isibanjalo singasebenza ngale ndlela elandelayo emshweni:
Izingane zakhe ngamawele.
Thina sisonke.
Abafana yizinja.
Isikhwama sakhe yilesi.
Indoda yakhe yimi(na).
Imvumelwano (agreement)

 Imvumelwano iyona eyenza imisho yethu ibe nomqondo.

 EsiZulwini kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemvumelwano: imvumelwano
kamenzi/yenhloko nemvumelwano kamenziwa.
 Zombili lezi mvumelwano ziba yinglenye yesenzo emshweni.
 Ziba yizakhi/ngamamofimu atholakala esenzweni.
 Izibonelo zemvumelwano kamenzi/yenhloko:
Umfana uyahamba (u = isivumelwano sikamenzi)
Ikati liyadla (li = isivumelwano sikamenzi)
Izinkwa ziphelile (zi = //)
Abafundi bayafeyila. (ba = //)
Imvumelwano (agreement)

 Izibonelo zemvumelwano kamenziwa:

Abafana bayalidla ikhekhe. (li = imvumelwano kamenziwa)
Inja iyilumile ingane. (yi = //)
Abafundi bayazifunda izincwadi. (zi = //)
Uzodwa uyabathanda abafana (ba = //)

Isigaba nesigaba sebizo sinemvumelwano kamenzi nekamenziwa ehambisana

naso.
Isabizwana (Pronoun)

 Isabizwana igama elisetshenziswa esikhundleni sebizo.

 Lokho okuchaza ukuthi ibizo nebizo linesabizwana salo esihambisana nalo,
isib. Inja = yona, abantu = bona, ufudu = lona.
 Nokho-ke kukhona amabizo ahlukene anesabizwana esifanayo, isib. Ukudla =
kona; ukufa = kona.
 Isibonelo esingenhla sisivezela ukuthi amabizo anesiqalo (prefix) esifanayo
anesabizwana esisodwa.
 Lokho okusivezela ukuthi isabizwana sakhiwa ngokususelwa esiqalweni sebizo.
Izinhlobo zesabizwana (types of
pronouns)
 Esizulwini kunezinhlobo ezintathu zesabizwana:
1. Isabizwana soqobo (absolute pronoun)
2. Isabizwana senani/sokubala (quantitative pronoun)
3. Isabizwana sokukhomba (demonstrative pronoun)

Zozintathu lezi nhlobo zakhiwe: isivumelwano sikamenzi kanye nesiqu.

Isib. Yena (ye- = isivumelwano sikamenzi; -na = isiqu).
zonke (zo- = isivumelwano sikamenzi; -nke = isiqu)
lowo (lo- = isivumelwano sikamenzi; -wo = isiqu)
Isabizwana soqobo

 Isabizwana soqobo igama elimele ibizo elikhomba umuntu noma into ethile.
 Izabizwana zoqobo ezijwayelekile ilezi ezilandelayo:
yena
mina
bona
zona
yona
thina
Ukusebenza kwesabizwana soqobo
emshweni
 Abantu bayahamba ‘people are leaving’
Bona bayahamba

 USipho uphuza utshwala ‘Sipho is drinking beer’

Yena uphuza utshwala

 Izinja ziyaluma ‘The dogs bite’

Zona ziyaluma
Isabizwana senani/sokubala

 Isabizwana sokubala sisitshela ngenani lento.

 Siphendula umbuzo othi ‘okungaki/abangaki, ezingaki njll’.
 Nazi izinhlobo zezabizwana zenani ezejwayelekile:
Bonke
zonke
yedwa
-bili
-thathu
Ukusebenza kwesabizwana sokubala
emshweni
 Isabizwana sokubala sisebenza ngale ndlela elandelayo emshweni:
(Izimoto) zonke zigitshelwe. (zonke = isabizwana senani)
(Umfana) yedwa uzobhala. (yedwa = //)
(Abantu) bonke bayeza. (bonke - //)
(izintombi) ezimbili ziyangithanda. (ezimbili = //)
Isabizwana sokukhomba

 Isabizwana sokukhomba sona sikhomba into eseduze, ebuqamama kanye

nekude nalowo okhulumayo.
 Kunalezi nhlobo ezilandelayo zesabizwana sokukhomba:
Eduze Buqamama Kude
laba labo labaya
lezi lezo leziya
lo lowo lowaya
lesi leso lesiya
Ukusebenza kwesabizwana emshweni

 Isabizwana sokukhomba singasebenza ngalendlela elandelayo emshweni:

(Izingane) lezi ziyafunda.
(Abafundi) labo bayabhala.
(Izitsha) leziya kumele sigezwe.
(Ikhekhe) leli lizodliwa.
Lokhu ngiyakwazi.
Isiphawulo (Adjective)

 Uma sisebenzisa amagama emshweni siye sithole ukuthi igama negama

liwucezu oluthile lwenkulumo,
 Futhi kunomsebenzi othile eliwenzayo.
 Isiphawulo ke naso singolunye lwezingcezu zenkulumo.
 Isiphawulo yisichasiso (qualificative) esichaza ibizo nesabizwana.
 Igama elichaza ibizo noma isabizwana emshweni.
 Leli gama liye liwachaze la magama eliwalandelayo emshweni ngezindlela
eziningi ezahlukene (buka izibonelo ngezansi).
Izinhlobo zesiphawulo (types of
adjectives)
 Izinhlobo zesiphawulo ezijwayelekile zinale ziqu ezilandelayo:
 -hle (abantwana abahle ‘beautiful children’)
 -khulu (abantu abakhulu ‘prominent individuals’)
 -ncane (inking encane ‘minor problem’)
 -ningi (izimpethu eziningi ‘many worms’)
 -sha njll. (imoto entsha ‘new car’)
Isivumelwano sesiphawulo
nebizo(adjective-noun agreement)
 Uma sibheka kukhona ukuvumelana okukhona phakathi kwebizo kanye
nesiphawulo.
 Isibonelo:
 Izihlahla ezinkulu ‘big trees’
 Abantu abasha ‘young people’
 Amathuba amaningi ‘plenty opportunities’
Ukusentshenziswa kwesiphawulo
(usage examples)
 Isiphawulo singasetshenziswa kanje emshweni:
 Izinkawu eziningi zifile ‘many monkeys died’
 Umfazi omusha uyeza ‘a new wife is coming’
 Umuntu omkhulu uwile ‘a big person fell’
 Ingulube encane ihlatshiwe ‘a young pig was slaughtered’
 Intombi enhle ikhulelwe ‘a beautiful girl is pregnant’
Ubumnini (Possessive)

 Ubumnini/ongumnini igama elisebenza ukuchaza ibizo noma isabizwana.

 Silisebenzisa ukukhombisa ubunikazi bento.
 Silisebenzisa ukukhomba ukuthi into ingekabani noma ingeyani.
 Ubumnini bunezingxenye ezimbili: isivumelwano kanye nesiqu.
 Zonke izivumelwano zongumnini zigcina ngonkamisa u ‘-a’.
 Uma sifaka isivumelwano sobumnini ebizweni kulandelana onkamisa.
 Lokho okungavumelekile esiZulwini.
 Okugcina sekuholele ekutheni kube khona ukulumbana konkamisa (vowel
coalescence).
Ubumnini (Possessive) buyaqhubeka …

Isibonelo:
umlenze waingane = umlenze wengane
umsebenzi waumphathi = umsebenzi womphathi
Ilifa laindodana = ilifa lendodana
Izibonelo zobumnini (examples)

 Ngokujwayelekile ubumnini busebenzisa amabizo ukukhombisa ubunizaki bento.

 Vele ubunikazi busuke bungobebizo.
 Izibonelo:
 Ukudla kwenja ‘dog’s food’
 Abafazi bendoda ‘men’s wives’
 Indlu kagogo ‘granny’s house’
 Umthwalo womfana ‘boy’s luggage’
 Isidleke senyoni ‘bird’s nest’
Izibonelo zobumnini (examples)
ziyaqhubeka
 Nokho-ke kwesinye isikhathi ubumnini abusebenzisi amabizo kodwa
busebenzisa izabizwana zawo.
 Izibonelo:
 Izintombi zami (mina) zinhle ‘my girlfriends are beautiful’
 Umbala wayo (inkomo) umhlophe ‘its colour is white’
 Isitsha sakhe (umfana) sintshontshiwe ‘His container was stolen’
 Ukudla kwabo (osisi) kubi ‘their food is not tasting good’
 Ukuhleka kwazo (izintombi) kuyacika ‘their laughter is annoying’
Isibaluli

 Isibaluli singasichaza njengegama ezicacisa ngomenzi/ngenhloko noma

ngomenziwa emshweni.
 Senza umsebenzi ofanayo nalowo owenziwa yisiphawulo nongumnini.
 Kunalezi balulo ezilandelayo ezejwayelekile:
-qotho
-qatha
-mnandi
-mhlophe
-bomvu
-ngcono
Ukusebenza kwesibaluli emshweni

 Abantu abamhlophe banemali.

 Ukudla okumnandi ngiyakuthanda.
 Umuntu oqotho uyanconywa.
 Inkomo ebomvu izohlatshwa.
 Abantu abangcono bayazitshela.
Inani

 Inani nalo lenza umsebenzi wokucacisa ngenhloko/ngomenzi noma

ngomenziwa emshweni.
 Njengesiphawulo isibaluli kanye nongumnini.
 Nazi iziqu zenana ezijwayelekile:
-phi
-ni
-nye
-mbe
Izibonelo zokusebenza kwenani
emshweni
 Inani lingasebenza ngalezi ndlela emshweni:
Bazogibela imoto yiphi?
Umuntu mumbe uboshiwe.
Ufuna ukuthenga moto yini?
Okunye ukudla sizokushiya.
Isandiso (adverb)

 Isandiso yigama ezichaza ngesenzo.

 Licacisa ngokwenzeka kwesenzo.
 Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zesandiso:
 Kukhona isandiso sesikhathi, esichaza ukuthi into yenzeke nini.
 Isib., ebusuku, ekuseni, izolo, nyakenye, ekuqaleni, ehlobo, kudala
 Kukhona isandiso sendawo esaziwa ngokuthi ngundaweni, sona esichaza
ngendawo lapho isenzo senzeka khona.
 Isib. eGoli, ekhaya, etekisini, ekhanda, onyaweni, Kuthemba, phakathi,
KwaNdengezi, njll.
Isandiso (adverb) …

 Kukhona isandiso sesimo, esisitshela ngesimo noma ngendlela isenzo esenzeka

ngayo.
 Isib., kabuhlungu, kanzima, kahle, ngesandla, nengane.

 Ngenhla sike sabalula ukuthi izigaba zamabizo, 16, 17, no 18 nazo sibalwa
ngaphansi kwesilandiso.
 Isigaba 16. pha-, no 17. ku-, zona zingena ngaphansi kukandaweni ngoba
zisitshela ngendawo lapho kwenzeka khona isenzo. Isib. phakathi, kubaba.
 Isigaba 18. mu-, sona singena ngaphansi kwesandiso sesikhathi ngoba
sisitshela ngesikhathi lapho isenzo senzeka khona. Isib. muva (Akasalidli
ikhekhe muva nje.).
Ukusebenza kwesandiso emshweni

 Isandiso singasebenza ngalendlela elandelayo emshweni:

Imoto uyishayise ebusuku. (sesikhathi)
Ummbila utshalwa entwasahlobo. (sesikhathi)

USipho usebenza eThekwini. (undaweni)

Isivalo simshaye ekhanda. (undaweni)

Insimbi imugqeme kabuhlungu. (sesimo)

UMabelejongosi bamugwaze ngomkhonto. (sesimo)
 The End

Wait … One more thing!!!