Communication: Concepts And

Definitions
1.) Communication comes from the Latin
term “communis” which means to “share
and inform ideas, feelings. Etc.”

2.) Ang (2004) posits that communication is

“the transmission of messages via verbal
and non verbal cues.”
 3.) Wood(2004) defines
communication as a “dynamic,
systematic or contextual,
irreversible and proactive
process in which
communicators construct
personal meanings through
their symbolic interactions.”
4.) Comeaux (1996) asserts that
“communication is a transaction in
which the participants are mutually
engaged in the process of creating
meaning.”
5.) Myers (1992) maintains that
“communication is at the core of our
humanness and that it is a
transactional process.”
1.) Communication Connects People

2.) Communication Starts Relationships

Some Obstacles To Effective

Communication
1.) Self Image
2.) Perception Towards Others
3.) Noise
a.) Internal noise b.) External Noise
c.) Semantic Noise
 Basic Functions Of
Communication
a.) For Interaction.
b.) For Increasing Our Store Of Information.
c.) For Better Understanding Of Our Self
And The World In Which We Live.
d.) For Changing People’s Attitudes, Beliefs,
Opinions, And Actions.
e.) For Making Decisions.
 The Process Of Effective
Communication

- Communication, like, life, is a continuous

process that we cannot possibly manipulate
or predict.

It is also unrepeatable and irreversible,

thus when we say communication is a
process, we mean that it is both dynamic
and ever-changing.
Since Communication Is A Process,
It Involves The Following
ELEMENTS;

1.) Speaker (sender)

2.) Message
3.) Channel
4.) Receiver
5.) Feedback
Sender 1 Message 2 Channel 3

Receiver 4
Feedback 5
 Levels Of Communication

1.) Intrapersonal Communication

-communicating within yourself.

2.) Interpersonal Communication

-communication among a relatively
small number of people.

3.) Public Communication

-involves speaking with an audience.
4.) Mass Communication
- communication via the use of mass media system.

5.) Communication technology

-communication through the use of information
technology.
6.) Organizational Communication
-communication within the workplace.
7.) Intercultural Communication
-communication between and among cultural
communities.
8.) Development Communication
-communication between progressive nations.
Tenets Of Communication

1.) It is a dynamic process.

2.) It is complex.
3.) Messages are sent, not meanings.
4.) It is systematic.
5.) It involves communicators not
just “speakers” and “lecturers.”
6.) It is proactive.
Basic Models Of Communication

1.) Aristotelian Model- was developed

among Greeks in ancient times. It is
the most simple and it has the basic
elements; speaker, message and
audience.

SPEAKER MESSAGE AUDIENCE

 2.) Lasswell Model- is one of the earliest
models of communication which was
developed by Harold Lasswell in 1948. It
consists of five basic elements in a linear
pattern.
SAYS IN WHAT TO
WHO WHAT CHANNEL WHOM
COMMUNICATOR MESSAGE MEDIUM RECEIVER

WITH WHAT EFFECT

EFFECT
3.) The Shannon-Weaver Model- originally
designed for telephone communication. 5 basic
elements; information source, transmitter,
receiver, destination and noise.

Signal Receiver Message

INFORMATION
TRANSMITTER RECEIVER DESTINATION
SOURCE

NOISE
SOURCE
4.)The Schramm’s Model- the highlight of
Wilbur Schramm’s model of communication
is the field of experience “concept”.

S SIGNAL R

FIELD OF

FIELDS OF EXPERIENCE
 5.)Berlo’s Model- ( David Berlo )
focuses on the speaker’s and receiver’s
knowledge, attitudes, socio cultural system
and communication skills.

SOURCE (S) MESSAGE CHANNEL RECEIVER ®

(M) (5 senses)
Comm. skills Element Seeing Comm. skills
Knowledge Structure Hearing Knowledge
Attitudes Content Touching Attitudes
Socio Culture Treatment Smelling Socio-culture
System Code Tasting system
6.)White’s Model
Eugene White focuses on the eight stages of
oral communication.

a.) Thinking-a desire, feeling or an emotion

provides a communicator a stimulus to
communicate a need.
b.)Symbolizing-before a communicator can utter
sound, he/she has to know the code of
oral language with which to represent
his ideas and in order to make his
selection.
c.)Expressing-the communicator then uses
his/her vocal mechanism to produce sounds.

d.)Transmitting-when sound waves spread at

1,000 ft. per second and light waves travel at a
speed of 186,000 miles per second, carry the
speaker’s message to his/her listeners.

e.)Receiving-when sound waves make an impact

upon the listener’s ears after which
resulting nerve impulses reach the brain
via the auditory nerve.
f.) Decoding-the communicator interprets the
language symbols he/she receives and
thinks further.

g.) Feed backing-the communicator may show

overt behavior like a nod.

h.) Monitoring-communicator watches for signs or

understanding of his/her message among
his/her listeners.
 SYMBOLIZING
2

THINKING EXPRESSING
1 3

MONITORING TRANSMITTING
8 4

FEEDBACKING DECODING RECEIVING

7 6 5
 Definitions of Non-verbal
Communication:

1.)Non-verbal Communication is the transfer of

meaningful information from one person
to another. (Vaughan and Hogg, 1998)
2.)Non-verbal Communication is our primary
mode to communicate feelings and
emotions which we usually do not express
verbally. (Cabbab & Cabbab, 1984)
3.)Non-verbal Communication consists of
relaying message units to augment,
contradict or replace verbal
communication. (Joesting, 1998)
4.)Non-verbal Communication plays a potent role in
every communication event because it serves to
repeat, complement, regulate, and substitute
verbal communication messages. (Ang, 2005)

ROLES OF COMMUNICATION
1.) Communication can reflect emotions through
non-verbal cues/actions in public.
2.) A communicator’s non-verbal cues enhance his/her
message.
3.) Non-verbal cues/message create two-way
interaction sent from the speaker to the listener
(receiver) and vice-versa.
 CATEGORIES OF NON-VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
1.)Sign Language
-these are words and numbers which are
transmitted as messages through the use of
gestures.
2.)Object Language
-this represents the showing of material objects
like clothes, shoes, tools or art objects.
3.)Action Language
-this refers to all movements which are not
frequently used as signals or cues.
FUNCTIONS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
a.)Repeating b.)Contradicting
c.)Substituting d.)Complementing
e.)Accenting f.)Relating and regulating

TYPES OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
1.) TIME
2.) PROXEMICS
KINDS OF SPACE
a.) INTIMATE SPACE
b.) PERSONAL SPACE
c.) PUBLIC SPACE
 3.) TERRITORIALITY
4.) MOVEMENTS AND GESTURES of the BODY
5.) POSTURE
6.) FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
7.) EYE MOVEMENT
8.) ARTIFACTS
9.) SILENCE
10.) PARALANGUAGE
11.) TACTILE COMMUNICATION
(touch/haptics)
Communication is largely a matter of
perception ( Cabbab, 1984)
The message we send to another
communicator in any interpersonal
transaction has no meaning in and of
themselves.
The words and the messages constitute
to take on meaning only when the
communicators assign meaning(s) to these
messages.
This assigning of meaning is what we
call perception.
 What Causes Perceptional
Differences?

1.) The Senses- perception begins with 5 senses

(touch, taste, sound, sight, smell)
2.) Selective Perception- perception is not only
an active enterprise, but also a selective event.
2.1) Physiological Determinants- each of us
has certain physiological strengths and
weakness.
2.2) Psychological Determinants- each of us
differs in terms of our interests, wants,
motives. Etc…
 THE JOHARI WINDOW AND SELF-
CONCEPT
One of the ways to analyze our self-concept is through the
use of the JOHARI WINDOW - this model is extremely
useful when looking at the transactional process of self-
disclosure, feedback and self-esteem.
Known to self Not Known to self

OPEN AREA BLIND AREA

Known to
others

HIDDEN AREA UNKNOWN AREA

Not known
to others
 Hearing vs. Listening
Since hearing and listening are frequently misused as
synonyms, a distinction between the two must be
made. Remember, although they are two receiving
process they are essentially two different entities.
Differences between hearing and listening

Hearing is a natural process Listening is more than hearing, it is a

(psychological) of receiving aural SKILL.
and visual stimuli.

Hearing is the passive phase of Listening is the active phase of

speech reception. speech reception.

Good hearing is needed to effective Listening is a sub - process of

listening. communication that involves not
hearing, but also
Good hearing is NOT synonymous to Understanding and remembering.
good listening.
 THE NATURE OF LISTENING
1.) Listening is a dynamic, transactional process.
2.)Listening is an active process, not passive one.
3.)Listening is a complex process.
NOTE
S SEQUENCE
P
E M
E E
C MENTAL A
MASKING IDENTIFICATION FORMING
H REORGANIZATION N
OF SENSORY
I
WORDS IMPLOSSION
S AUDITORY N
O FATIGUE ASSOCIATION G
U
N
D
S APPRECIATION
 THE PURPOSE IN LISTENING
*varies from situation,
*each purpose has its own requirements and skills
that are needed to achieve the goals of the
communication transaction.

Experts in the art of listening

identities the following purposes;
1.)To obtain and exchange basic information, thus gaining
knowledge.
2.)To make intellectual judgments and fair criticism as
well as evaluate ideas.
3.)To seek enjoyment, entertainment and pleasure.
4.)To give logical and intellectual answers.
FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF LISTENING

1.) Appreciative Listening- listening for

pleasure, entertainment or enjoyment.

2.) Critical Listening- listening to make an

evaluation for intellectual judgment, to
criticize and to evaluate ideas of others.

3.) Comprehensive Listening- listening to

derive information, facts, ideas and
principles.

4.) Emphatic Listening- listening to provide

emotional support.
 BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING
Many of distortions which take place in message
transmission results from listeners who are influenced
by their habits, attitudes and expectations.
GUIDES TO EFFECTIVE LISTENING

1.) Listen not only to the words but for

meanings behind the words.
2.) Concentrate on the message.
3.) Listen with an open mind.
4.) Give effective feedback.
5.) Listen carefully.
THANK YOU! 