TOURISM

 It is the temporary short term movement of people to destinations

outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities
during their stay at these destinations

tourism in the pure sense, is essentially a pleasure activity in which

money earned in ones abode is spent in places visited

 It represent a particular form of recreation but does not include all uses
of leisure and all forms of recreation. Tourism therefore, is distinguished
from the concepts of leisure and recreation on one hand, and from travel
and migration on the other hand.
 TWO ELEMENTS OF TOURISM
 DYNAMIC – it is the journey
 STATIC – it is the stay

 This implies the movement of a person away

from his place of residence and his stay in
another location. The stay is temporary and is
motivated by a search for personal pleasure in
the form of rest, relaxation and self
improvement
 VISITOR – any person visiting a
country other than that of earning
money
2 CLASSES OF VISITORS
 EXCURSIONIST – temporary visitors staying
less than 24 hours in the destination or who
stay for only a day, not overnight
 TOURISTS – temporary visitors who stay at least
24 hours at their destination

Kinds of Tourist
a. Inbound Tourist – tourists who
travel to a country outside of their own
b. Domestic Tourist – tourists who
travel outside of their area of residence but
within their own country
 ELEMENTS OF TRAVEL
1. DISTANCE - a measure that has been used to
distinguish travel away from home is the distance
traveled on a trip.
TRIP – it is defined as each time a person goes to a place atleast 100 miles
away from home and returns
2. LENGTH OF STAY AT DESTINATION
-the definition of tourist and excurtionist as proposed by the WTO is largely
based on the length of stay
3. RESIDENCE OF THE TRAVELER
- The residence or the origin of the traveler is the 3rd basic element of travel.
For business and research purposes, it is important to know where
people live.
4. PURPOSE OF TRAVEL
a. Visiting friends
b. Conventions, seminars, meetings
c. Business
d. Outdoor recreation – hunting, fishing, boating, camping
e. Entertainment – sightseeing, theatre, sports
f. Personal, family,medical, funeral, wedding
g. others
 THE NATURE OF A TOUR
DOMESTIC TOURISM – refers to travel
taken exclusively within the national
boundaries of the travelers country
INTERNATIONAL TOURISM – involves the
movement of people across international
boundaries
PACKAGE TOURS – sometimes called inclusive tours.
An arrangement in which transport and
accommodation is bought by the tourist at an all
inclusive price and the price of the individual elements
cannot be determined by the purchaser himself.
TOUR OPERATOR – who organizes the package
tour purchases transport and hotel accomodation in
advance, usually obtaining these in lower price.
INDEPENDENT INCLUSIVE TOUR (IIT) – is one in
which the tourist travels to his destinations
individually.
GROUP INCLUSIVE TOUR (GIT) – he travels in the
company of other tourist
INDEPENDENT TOUR – tourist buy these facilities
separately, either making reservations in advance
through a travel agent or during his tour.
Travelling locally Travelling abroad
 less expensive  More expensive

 No need for passport  Requires passports and

and visas visas
 You travel as a first class  Might encounter cultural
citizen and would not adjustment difficulties in
worry about racial foreign destinations
discrimination
 Inspire a genuine
appreciation of the
beauty of one nation
 Expands understanding
about one’s nation and
thus raises national
consciousness
 TYPES OF DOMESTIC TOURIST
1. INTERREGIONAL – this type of travelers
moves from one of the region to another
Ex. From Manila (NCR) Cebu (R VII )
2. INTRAREGIONAL – this type of traveller
moves from one province to another within
one specific region.
3. LOCAL – this type of travel is often classify as
excursionist because of the assumption that
he or she will not need to stay beyond 24
hours in his/ her destinations, which is always
within his/her province.
 PREREQUISITES TO TRAVEL
- although in principle all men have a right to travel, travel
is only an option if one has:
1. FINANCIAL CAPABILITY
- Money, the majority of travel requires discretionary income.
Discretionary income is money left over after all monetary
obligations (food, rent and taxes) have been paid.
2. LEISURE TIME
- A persons oppurtunity to travel may be dictated by the
number of vacation days available to him/her.
- Faster modes of transportation have also made it possible
to spend holidays overseas even on a short vacation
3. INTEREST
- in his hierarchy of needs theory, Abraham
Maslow explained that people do things in
response to certain needs: physiological,
safety, love, self esteem and self
actualization.
- thus, accdg. to this theory, tourist are
fulfilling some need when they travel: to
recharge, taste fine food and best wines,
some do it for health reasons and to escape
the stress of modern life.
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS
SELF
ACTUALIZATION

LOVE

SAFETY

SELF ESTEEM

PHYSIOLOGICAL
GENERAL INTEREST TOUR – interest or
activities are sightseeing, shopping, dining,
going to beach and visiting friends and relatives

SPECIAL INTEREST TOURS – it includes

trekking, spelunking (cave exploration),
mountain climbing, jungle survival tour, scuba
diving, farm tours and pilgrimages.
 BARRIERS TO TRAVEL
- Certain phobias do use one’s motivation to
travel.
 Acrophobia – fear of heights

 Hydrophobia – fear of water

 Agoraphobia – fear of crowds

 Claustrophobia – fear of enclosed spaces

 Xenophobia – fear of strangers

- family circumstances and ones health condition

will also affect travel decision
- pregnancy, or having small children, will also
influence the frequency and length of travel.
 THE TOURIST PRODUCT
- in a narrow sense, the tourist
product consist of what the tourist
buys
- in a wider sense, the tourist
product is a combination of what
the tourist does at the destination
and the services he uses during
his stay
 Characteristics of Tourist Product
1. It is a service – it is an intangible items. The
purchase of a package tour involves a high degree of
trust on the part of the buyer.
2. Psychological in its attraction – it is the temporary
use of a strange environment plus the culture and
heritage of the region and other intangible benefits
such as atmosphere and hospitality.
3.Varies in standards and quality over time. – a bumpy
flight can change an enjoyable experience into
nightmare
4. The supply of the product is fixed – eg. The number
of hotel rooms available at a particular resort cannot
be varied to meet the changing demands of tourist
during a particular season.
 THE TOURIST DESTINATION
- It is a geographical unit which the tourist visits and
where he stays. It may be village, a town, a city , a
district, a region, an island or a continent.
 The success of a tourist destination depends upon the
interrelationship of the three basic factors:
ATTRACTIONS, AMENITIES or FACILITIES, AND
ACCESIBILITY.
 Attractions maybe site or event attractions.
Site Attraction – is one in which the destination
itself has appeal; maybe a country, a geographical
such as as Alps, a city, a resort.
Event Attraction – it is one in which tourist are
drawn to the destination solely because of what is
taking place there. It includes exhibitions, festivals
and sports event.
 I. Kinds of Tourist Attractions
A. Natural – includes mountains, beaches, climatic
features such as sunshine and pure air
B. Historical Attractions – includes buildings,
monuments, and other relics from the past
C. Cultural – refer to the rituals, songs, dances,
costumes, arts, crafts, stories and other
manifestations of a peoples traditional beliefs or the
taboos.
D. Man-made Attractions – dams, powerplants, theme
parks, buildings, and other great or unusual
structures or things made by humans that have no
significant historical value.
E. Special interest – such as mountaineering/trekking,
spelunking, bird watching, whale watching, scuba
diving, golf, and surfing
F. Festivals - festivities
 II. Amenities or Facilities
- It includes accommodations, food, communications
and entertainment which enhance the potential value
of a tourist destination
- However, attractive destination, it’s potential for
tourism will be limited unless the basic amenities
which is a tourist requires are provided
- Amenities will differ accdg to the attraction of the
site. Sometimes the amenity is itself the principal
attraction as in the case when a resort hotel is built
to offer different kinds of entertainment in the
previously undeveloped region.
 III. ACCESIBILITY
- Means having a regular and convenient
forms of transport, in terms of
time/distance to the destination from the
originating country at a reasonable price.
- If private transport is to be the means of
access, tourism flow will depend upon
adequate roads, gasoline stations, etc.
Good railways , airport and seaports are
designed to facilitate accessibility.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
- tourism has a special characteristics which may it different from
another industries
1. In tourism, the product is not brought to the
consumer; rather, the consumer has to travel and go
to the product to purchase it. In other industries, an
item manufactured in a factory is brought to the
wholesaler and retailer and ultimately to the
consumer
2. The products of tourism are not used up; thus they
not exhaust the natural resources
- The product of the other industries have a limited life and
at the end of it are either junked or replaced with a new
ones.
3. Tourism is a labor intensive industry; it requires
more manpower than other industries
4. Tourism is a people-oriented. It is primarily
concerned with people. One of the most important
motivations of tourist is to meet other people and
see how other people live
5. Tourism is a multi dimensional phenomenon. It is
dependent on many and varied activities which are
separate but interdependent
6. The tourist industry is seasonal. During vacation
seasons millions of tourist travel which result in
increased revenues for several tourism agencies but
when vacation is over, this companies experience a
big decline in dollars earned.
7. The industry is dynamic. It is characterized by the
changing ideas and attitudes of its customers and
therefore must be always prepared and willing to
adjust to these changes.
 THE IMPORTANCE OF TOURISM
1. CONTRIBUTION TO THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS – tourism
can help correct the balance of payments deficit of many
countries by earning the much needed foreign currency in
international trade.
2. DISPERSION OF DEVELOPMENT – international tourism is the
best means to spread wealth among countries thus, bridging
the economic gap between rich and poor nations
3. EFFECT ON GENERAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT –
expenditures by tourist can have beneficial effects on all
economic sectors and lead to the development of different
industries and other economic activities
4. EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES – tourism is a source of
employment
5. SOCIAL BENEFITS – social exchange takes place when tourist
come in contact with the inhabitants of the places they visit.
6. CULTURAL ENRICHMENT – tourism emphasizes a sharing and
appreciation of cultures rather than a lack of trust brought
about by isolation.
7. EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE – tourism
enhances one’s education. International
conferences, seminars, study trips held each
year enable people of all nations to exchange
ideas, propose solution to problems and share
their concern.
8. A VITAL FORCE FOR PEACE – tourism
properly designed and developed can help
bridge the psychological and cultural
distances that separate people of different
races, colors, religions and stages of social
and economic development.
1. How can tourism promote patriotism?
2. Explain the three basic factors that
contributes much to the success of a tourist
destination
3. Discuss at least 3 barriers to travel and find
out how this barriers affect the tourism
industry
 THE HISTORY OF TOURISM
I. Early Tourism – travel and exploration are basic to human
nature. Man has travelled since the earliest times although the
term tourism was used only in the early 19th century.
Tourism is derived from the Hebrew word Torah which
means studying, learning and searching.
2 Forms of Early Tourism
1. travel for business such as trading and religious travel
2. Private purposes.
A. Tourism in Medieval Period – during this period, travel
declined. Travel derived from the word Travail , become
burdensome, dangerous and demanding during this time.
Roads were not maintained and become unsafe. Crusaders
and pilgrims were the only ones to travel
 B. Renaissance and Elizabeth Eras – with the
renaissance, a few renowned universities developed
so that travel for education was introduced largely by
the British.
- as young men sought intellectual improvement in
the continent, the sick sought a remedy for their
illnesses in “spas” or medicinal baths.
- the term SPA is derived from the Walloon word
espa meaning fountain.
- entertainment was added, and dozens of
watering places became resort hotels.
C. Tourism during Industrial Revolution – brought
about major changes in the scale and type of tourism
development. It brought about not only technological
changes but also essential social changes that made
travel desirable as a recreational activity.
II. Modern Tourism
A. Tourism in the 19th Century – two technological developments in the
early part of the 19th century has a great effect on the growth of tourism:
1. Introduction of the railway – the railroads created not only for
business by providing reliable and cheap transportation but also more
competition as various private companies invested heavily in hotels, resorts
and entertainment facilities.
- thus tourism was transformed from a small business catering o the
elite into the start of mass market, that is, travel by a large number of
individuals.
- travel organizers emerged. The first and most famous of these was
Thomas Cook.
1866 – Thomas organize his fist American tour
1874 – he introduced circular notes which were accepted by banks,
hotels, shops, and restaurants. These were in effect in the first traveller's
check.
2. The use of steam power – provided the increase mobility needed by
the tourism business. Steamers on the major rivers provided reliable and
inexpensive transportation that led to the popular day trip cruises and the
growth of coastal resorts near large industrial towns.
Baedecker – a guide book that was first published in 1839. it became
the leading guide for European countries at the end of the century.
.
 B. TOURISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY