Flight Planning Index

Chapter

 General Terms and Definitions.

 Runway Terminology.
 Fuel Calculations.
 Cruise Performance.
 Weight and Balance.
 Point of Equal Time ( PET ).
 Critical Point ( CP ).
 Point of No Return ( PNR ).
 King Air 200 Flight Planning.
 Flight Planning Index
Chapter

Runway Terminology.

Introduction.
Runway Construction and Terminology.
Take-off Run Available ( TORA ).
Take-off Distance Available ( TODA ).
Accelerate Stop Distance Available ( ASDA ).
Landing Distance Available ( LDA ).
Three conditions for a runway without a Stopway and Clearway for V1 Calculation.
Three conditions for a runway with a Stopway and Clearway for V1 Calculation.
Take-Off and Climb Definitions.
Wind Component Calculation.
 Flight Planning

Introduction.

In this chapter we will look at how the runway is constructed and the associated definitions. We
will also look at how the available distances for take-off and landing are calculated for a given
runway construction. The concept of a balanced runway will be discussed.
 Runway Construction

600 meters 400 meters

210 feet 310 feet
Runway
100 meters
03 21 50 meters
Stopway 2000 meters Stopway
150 meters
Clearway Clearway
 Runway Terminology

Runway Length.

This is the length of the runway from one threshold to the other threshold. It must be noted that
the length is normally given in meters.
 Runway Terminology

Runway Length.

Runway

03 21
2000 meters
 Runway Terminology

Runway Length.

This is the length of the runway from one threshold to the other threshold. It must be noted that
the length is normally given in meters.

Runway Slope.

This is the difference between the two runway threshold elevations divided by the runway length
and then multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage of slope. It must be noted which runway is
sloping uphill or downhill.
 Runway Terminology
Runway Slope.

210 feet 310 feet

Runway

03 21
2000 meters

Theshold Elevation 1 - Threshold Elevation 2

 100  Slope %
Runway Length

310 feet - 210 feet

 100  1.5 %
6562 feet
 Runway Terminology

Runway Length.
This is the length of the runway from one threshold to the other threshold. It must be noted
that the length is normally given in meters.

Runway Slope.
This is the difference between the two runway threshold elevations divided by the runway
length and then multiplied by 100 to obtain percentage of slope. It must be noted which runway
is sloping uphill or downhill.

Stopway.
The Stopway is an extension beyond the runway which may be used to decelerate the aircraft
in the case of an aborted take-off only.
The Stopway must be at least as wide as the runway.
The Stopway must be able to support the weight of the aircraft without damage.
 Runway Terminology
Stopway.

210 feet 310 feet

Runway
100 meters
03 21 50 meters
Stopway 2000 meters Stopway
 Runway Terminology

Clearway.

The Clearway is an area beyond the runway not less than 250 feet on either side of the runway
center line under the airport control.
The Clearway includes the Stopway.
The maximum length of the Clearway may not exceed 25% of the runway length.
The Clearway Slope must not exceed an uphill slope of 1.25%.
The Clearway must be clear of obstacles.
 Runway Terminology
Clearway.

600 meters 400 meters

210 feet 310 feet
Runway
100 meters
03 21 50 meters
Stopway 2000 meters Stopway

Clearway Clearway
 Runway Terminology

Clearway.

The Clearway is an area beyond the runway not less than 250 feet on either side of the runway
center line under the airport control.
The Clearway includes the Stopway.
The maximum length of the Clearway may not exceed 25% of the runway length.
The Clearway Slope must not exceed an uphill slope of 1.25%.
The Clearway must be clear of obstacles.

Displaced Threshold.

The Threshold of the runway is displaced to comply with obstacle clearance on the approach
path.
It must be noted that the Displaced Threshold is only a landing consideration.
 Runway Terminology
Displaced Threshold.

600 meters 400 meters

210 feet 310 feet
Runway
100 meters
03 21 50 meters
Stopway 2000 meters Stopway
150 meters
Clearway Clearway
 Runway Terminology

Take-Off Run Available ( TORA ).

This is the distance available for the ground run of the aircraft for take-off. This distance is
from the one runway threshold to the other runway threshold.
 Runway Terminology
Take-Off Run Available ( TORA ).

Runway

03 21
Stopway 2000 meters Stopway

Clearway Clearway

TORA on runway 03 = 2000 meters.

TORA on runway 21 = 2000 meters.
 Runway Terminology

Take-Off Run Available ( TORA ).

This is the distance required for the ground run of the aircraft.

Take – Off Distance Available ( TODA ).

This is the distance for the aircraft to complete the first phase of the take-off and is the length
of the runway plus the Clearway.
Note that the Clearway length may not exceed 25% of the runway length.
 Runway Terminology
Take-Off Distance Available ( TODA ).

600 meters 400 meters

Runway

03 21
Stopway 2000 meters Stopway

Clearway Clearway

TODA on runway 03 = 2400 meters.

TODA on runway 21 = 2500 meters.
 Runway Terminology

Take-Off Run Available ( TORA ).

This is the distance required for the ground run of the aircraft.

Take – Off Distance Available ( TODA ).

This is the distance for the aircraft to complete the first phase of the take-off and is the length
of the runway plus the Clearway.
Note that the Clearway length may not exceed 25% of the runway length.

Accelerate Stop Distance Available ( ASDA ).

This is the distance required to accelerate to V1 and then reject the take-off and bring the
aircraft to a stop.
 Runway Terminology
Accelerate Stop Distance Available ( ASDA )

Runway
100 meters
03 21 50 meters
Stopway 2000 meters Stopway

Clearway Clearway

ASDA on runway 03 = 2050 meters.

ASDA on runway 21 = 2100 meters.
 Runway Terminology

Take-Off Run Available ( TORA ).

This is the distance required for the ground run of the aircraft.

Take – Off Distance Available ( TODA ).

This is the distance for the aircraft to complete the first phase of the take-off and is the length
of the runway plus the Clearway.
Note that the Clearway length may not exceed 25% of the runway length.

Accelerate Stop Distance Available ( ASDA ).

This is the distance required to accelerate to V1 and then reject the take-off and bring the
aircraft to a stop.

Landing Distance Available ( LDA ).

This is the distance available for the aircraft to land on and is the distance from the one
threshold to the other threshold. Note: The Stopway is never used for landing.
 Runway Terminology
Landing Distance Available ( LDA ).

Runway

03 21
Stopway 2000 meters Stopway
150 meters
Clearway Clearway

LDA on runway 03 = 1850 meters.

LDA on runway 21 = 2000 meters.
 Runway Terminology
Three conditions for a runway without a Stopway and
Clearway for V1 calculation.

Condition 1 : Balanced Field Accelerate Stop.

The aircraft is accelerated from a standing start to V1 and then brought to a stop using
maximum braking after the failure of the critical engine.

Engine Failure V1

Stop On Runway

Runway
All engine acceleration One engine out deceleration
Accelerate Stop Distance
Field is said to be balanced when the distance required to accelerate to V1 and then to stop is
equal to the runway available. This is said to be the Accelerate Stop Distance Required ( ASDR ).
 Runway Terminology
Three conditions for a runway without a Stopway and
Clearway for V1 calculation.

Condition 2 : Balanced Field Accelerate Go.

The aircraft is accelerated from a standing start to V1 and the take-off is continued after the
failure of the critical engine.
Engine Failure V1 Vr V2

35 feet

Runway
All engine acceleration One engine inoperative
Take-off distance

Field is said to be balanced when the distance required to accelerate to V1 and then to continue
the take-off with the critical engine inoperative is equal to the take-off distance available. This is
said to be the Accelerate Go Distance.
 Runway Terminology
Three conditions for a runway without a Stopway and
Clearway for V1 calculation.

Condition 3 : Balanced Field Normal Take-off.

The aircraft is accelerated from a standing start to V1 and the take-off is continued normally.
V2
V1 Vr

35 feet
15%

Runway
All engine acceleration All engine take-off
Take-off distance

Field is said to be balanced when the distance required to accelerate to V1 and then to continue
the take-off to 35 feet with 15% of the runway length remaining.
 Runway Terminology
Three conditions for a runway with a Stopway and Clearway
for V1 calculation.

Condition 1 : Balanced Field Accelerate Stop.

The aircraft is accelerated from a standing start to V1 and then brought to a stop using
maximum braking after the failure of the critical engine.

Engine Failure V1

Stop On Stopway

Runway Stopway Clearway

All engine acceleration One engine out deceleration

Accelerate stop distance
Field is said to be balanced when the distance required to accelerate to V1 and then to stop is
equal to the runway available. This is said to be the Accelerate Stop Distance Required ( ASDR ).
 Runway Terminology
Three conditions for a runway with a Stopway and Clearway
for V1 calculation.

Condition 2 : Balanced Field Accelerate Go.

The aircraft is accelerated from a standing start to V1 and the take-off is continued after the
failure of the critical engine.
Engine Failure V1 Vr V2

35 feet

Runway Stopway Clearway

All engine acceleration One engine inoperative
Take-off distance

Field is said to be balanced when the distance required to accelerate to V1 and then to continue
the take-off with the critical engine inoperative is equal to the take-off distance available. This is
said to be the Accelerate Go Distance.
 Runway Terminology
Three conditions for a runway with a Stopway and Clearway
for V1 calculation.

Condition 3 : Balanced Field Normal Take-off.

The aircraft is accelerated from a standing start to V1 and the take-off is continued normally.
V2
V1 Vr

35 feet
15%

Runway Stopway Clearway

All engine acceleration All engine take-off
Take-off distance

Field is said to be balanced when the distance required to accelerate to V1 and then to continue
the take-off to 35 feet with 15% of the runway length remaining.
 Take-off and Climb Definitions
Take-off Flight Path.

 The Take-off Flight Path starts at a height of 35 feet above the runway i.e. the end of the TODR with one
engine inoperative.
 The Take-off Flight Path ends when the aircraft is 1500 feet AGL or clear of the last obstacle.

Net Take-off Flight Path.

 This represents the Gross Flight Path reduced by the amount considered necessary for contingencies i.e. the
need to maneuver, variations in piloting techniques and performance variations of the aircraft.
 The Net Take-off Flight Path should clear en-route obstacles by at least 35 feet with one engine inoperative.

Net Take-off Flight Path Gradients Considered Necessary :

0.8% for 2 engine aircraft.

0.9% for 3 engine aircraft.
1.0% for 4 engine aircraft.
 Take-off and Climb Definitions
Take-off Segments.

First Segment Second Segment Third Segment Fourth Segment

Critical engine inoperative. Critical engine inoperative. Critical engine inoperative. Critical engine inoperative.
Take-off thrust. Take-off thrust. Take-off thrust. Take-off thrust.
Landing gear extended. Landing gear retracted. Landing gear retracted. Landing gear retracted.
Take-off flap. Take-off flap. Flap transitioning to retracted. Flaps retracted.
Take-off speed V2. Take-off speed V2. Aircraft speed accelerating. Minimum climb gradient
1.7%.
Minimum climb gradient 0.5%. Minimum climb gradient 3.0%. Climb gradient 0.0%.
This sector leads to a height of
Extends to at least 400 feet.
1500 feet or until last obstacle
is cleared.
 Wind Component Calculation
Wind Direction.

The Surface Wind is defined as the wind velocity and direction at a height of 50 feet.
The Surface Wind is reported by the Control Tower.
The direction reported by the Control Tower is a magnetic direction as the runway direction is also magnetic.
A METAR or a TAF wind information is a true direction.
When using the pathfinder navigation computer a runway direction is entered as a number between 0 and 36.
A negative value in the x-wind field indicates that the wind component is from the left .
A positive value in the x-wind field indicates that the wind component is from the right.
A negative value in the H/T wind field indicates a headwind component.
A positive value in the H/T wind field indicates a tailwind component.

Example No 1.
What is the headwind and tailwind component of the following:
TAF : FAFS W/V 050/40
Variation : 15 degrees West
Runway : 03L
HW = 32.8 Kts XW = 22.9 Kts