DEFICIENCIES IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

 SITE AND LAYOUT FAULTS –Orientation, internal layout .

 DO NOT MEET FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT – Leaking
Roofs, Drainage from Bathrooms
 POOR MATERIAL- Brick, Wood, Toilet fittings
 POOR FINISH e.g. Polishing not done; splashes of
distemper on windows, dado etc.
 POOR AESTHETICS
 Walls out of plumb

 Pipe Line

 Drainage

 POOR DETAILING ,EXECUTION OF UNNECESSARY

WORK.
 POOR MAINTAINABILITY
 PROBLEMS AT STATIONS

 Functional inadequacies
 No Master Plan hence haphazard
development – piecemeal construction,
‘dirty’ gap in between structures
 Poor Finish
 Lacking in Aesthetics
 Material / Fittings Requiring Frequent
Maintenance, selection of material for
places of heavy use
 REASONS
 Lack of knowledge
 Lack of application
 Lack of concern “SAB CHALTA HAI”
 Inadequate supervision at Officers’ Level
 Inadequate supervision at Supervisors’
Level
 How to improve
 Quality consciousness – Set Standards.
 Effectiveness of inspections
 Inspection/Testing Facilities
 Training
 STEPS TO A GOOD BUILDING
 Good Building plan
 Orientation
 Layout
 Proper Structural Design with aesthetics angle
 Good Drainage Plan
 Appropriate Plinth level
 Proper Selection of Construction Material
 Quality in Construction -Adhere to
specifications and quality at all stages with
respect to
 Material &,
 Process
STEPS TO A GOOD BUILDING (contd..)

 Ensure Standard Architectural and

Functional Dimensions/Clearances
 Take special care of:
 Anti-termite treatment

 Damp proof course

 Damp proofing of wet areas

 Water proofing of roof / terrace.

BUILDING DESIGN :
FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS

OBJECTIVES OF BUILDING PLAN:

 Optimum utilisation of available space
 Most comfortable combination of environmental
features (temperature, ventilation, natural
lighting)
 Arrangement of rooms, doors and windows to
provide comfortable living, security and privacy.
 GENERAL BUILDING REGULATIONS

 National building code of India (SP:7 – 2005) ISI

entrusted by planning commission to prepare NBC
(1965)
 First version published in 1970
 Revised in 1983 referred as SP:7 – 1983
 Three major amendments were issued, two in 1987 and
the third in 1997
 Revised NBC has now been brought out as national
building code of India 2005 (NBC 2005).
 Regulations enforced by ministry of urban
development
 Byelaws of local bodies.
 CONTENTS OF NBC 2005
 PART 0-- INTEGRATED APPROACH -
PREREQUISITE FOR APPLYING PROVISIONS OF
THE CODE
 PART 1-- DEFINITIONS
 PART 2--ADMINISTRATION
 PART 3-- DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND
GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
 PART 4-- FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
 PART 5-- BUILDING MATERIALS
 PART 6-- STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Section 1-- Loads, Forces and Effects
Section 2 Soils and Foundations
Section 3-- Timber and Bamboo
3A-- Timber
3B-- Bamboo
Section 4– Masonry
Section 5 Concrete
5A --Plain and Reinforced Concrete
5B --Prestressed Concrete
Section 6 --Steel
Section 7 --Prefabrication, Systems Building and
Mixed/ Composite Construction
7A --Prefabricated Concrete
7B --Systems Building and
Mixed/Composite
Construction
 PART 7 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY

 PART 8 BUILDING SERVICES

Section 1 Lighting and Ventilation
Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations
Section 3 Air conditioning, Heating and Mechanical
Ventilation
Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control
Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators

 PART 9 PLUMBING SERVICES

Section 1 Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation
(including
Solid Waste Management)
Section 2 Gas Supply

 PART 10 LANDSCAPING, SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY

STRUCTURES
Section 1 Landscape Planning and Design
Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS
FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS
 Creation of Indoor Thermal Environment conducive
to comfortable living
-Supply of Air for air circulation and replacement
of vitiated air
 Convenient Living and Working –functional
requirements
 Privacy for specific tasks
 Protection from natural and manmade troubles
 REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS
(GENERAL)
 PLINTH LEVEL
 Should ensure drainage away from building
 Higher than surrounding G. Level by atleast 45 cms.
 LIFTS – Must if building height is more than 15 m.
 Min distance between buildings: 6.0 m
 FIRE PROTECTION
 IS:1643 – 1988; NBC 2005 Part IV
 Mandatory requirements for fire protection if height of
building exceeds 15 m.
 LIGHTENING PROTECTION
 EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION
 RAINWATER HARVESTING
 OPEN SPACES

 Every room intended for human habitation

should abut on an interior or exterior open
space or an open verandah.
 The open spaces inside and around a
building to cater for the lighting and
ventilation requirements.
 FRONT OPEN SPACES

 The front space should be as per bye-laws of

area or following:
Width of street (in m) Front Open Space (in m)
Upto 7.5 (*) 1.5 (*)
7.5 to 18 3.0
18 to 30 4.5
Above 30 6.0
(*) (1) For buildings upto a height of 7 m
(2) For streets less than 7.5 m in width, the
building line should be atleast 5 m from the
centre line of street.
 OPEN SPACES

 REAR OPEN SPACE :

 Average width of 3.0 m and not less than 1.8 m at
any place. For plots of depth less than 9.0 m and
for building up-to 7 m height, the rear open space
can be reduced to 1.5 m.
 SIDE OPEN SPACE
 For detached buildings min 3.0 m side space
should be provided. In case of plots with frontage
less than 9 m and buildings up-to 7 m height, the
side open space can be reduced to 1.5 m .
 For row type buildings, no side open space is
required.
OPENINGS FOR LIGHT & VENTILATION

 Should not be less than

 1/10 of floor area for dry hot climate
 1/6 of floor area for wet hot climate
 1/8 of floor area for intermediate climate
 1/12 of floor area for cold climate
 No portion of a room will be considered
lighted if it is more than 7.5 m away from
opening
 Increase the area by 25% for kitchen.
REQUIREMENTS OF PARTS OF BUILDINGS

 HABITAT ROOMS
 Height of Human Habitation should not be less
than 3.00m (NBC:2.75 m)
 Minimum Clear Headroom under a beam or AC
Duct or false ceiling should not be less than
2.4m
 For educational building minimum ceiling height
is 3.6 m (3 m in cold areas if air conditioned)
 Minimum area of habitat room should be 9.5
m2(NBC:7.5 m 2) with minimum width of
2.4m(NBC:2.1 m).
 Min Ventilation: 1/8 of carpet area
REQUIREMENT OF PART OF BUILDINGS
 KITCHEN
 Minimum height – 2.75 m

 Minimum area – 5.0 m (4.5 m if separate

2 2

store provided)
 Minimum width : 1.8 m

 Minimum ventilation : 1.0 sq.m.

 Means of washing of utensils

 Impermeable floor

 Window/Ventilator of adequate size.

REQUIREMENTS OF PARTS OF BUILDINGS
BATHROOMS AND WATER CLOSETS
• Minimum Height of Bathroom – 2.0 m

• Minimum size of bathroom 1.5 m x 1.2 m

• Minimum floor area of water closet – 1.1 m

2

• Minimum width of water closet – 0.9 m

 If bath & water closet are combined :

 Minimum area – 2.8 m

2 ; Minimum width – 1.2 m

• One wall should open to external airy area

• Window/ventilator of atleast 0.3 m

2

• Impervious floor and walls upto 1 m height

• Normally not above any room other than bath,

water closet, washing place, terrace.

REQUIREMENT OF PARTS OF BUILDINGS
 BASEMENT
 Minimum height : 2.4 m
 Height of ceiling of basement not less than
0.9m and not more than 1.2 m above
surrounding ground level
 Surface drainage not to enter the basement
 Adequate ventilation; mechanical ventilation
if required
 Adequate damp-proofing treatment. Walls
and floors to be water tight
 Separate access to basement.
 REQUIREMENT OF PARTS OF BUILDINGS
 STAIRCASE  Minimum width of
 Minimum width tread(cm)
• Residential • Residential buildings –
buildings – 1.0 m 25 Other buildings – 30
• Assembly  Maximum ht of riser(cm)
buildings – 1.5 m
• Residential buildings –
• Educational
buildings – 1.5 m 19 Other buildings – 15
• Institutional  Maximum 15 risers per
buildings – 2.0 m flight
(Hospital etc.)  Minimum head room :
2.2m.
 REQUIREMENTS OF PARTS OF BUILDING
 GARAGE
 Minimum height : 2.4 m

 Minimum size : 2.5 x 5.0 m

 STORE ROOM
 Minimum height : 2.2 m

 Minimum size : 3.0 m

2

 PASSAGE- Min Width : 1.0 m

 PARAPET
 Minimum Ht : 1.05 m

 Maximum Ht :1.20 m (IRWM)

 WEATHERSHED
 Minimum projection : 0.6 m.
 STANDARD HEIGHTS FOR
FIXTURES/FITTINGS/ELEMENTS
Architectural Element/Fitting/Fixture Ht Above
Floor Level
(Cm)
Top of Kitchen platform 80
Minimum clear opening below slab of 68
kitchen platform to accommodate a
cooking gas cylinder
Top edge of kitchen sink 74
30 cm wide shelf (to provide full reach 150
upto back of shelf)
Lowest shelf in kitchen 50
 STANDARD HEIGHTS FOR
FIXTURES/FITTINGS/ELEMENTS( Contd …)
Architectural Element/Fitting/Fixture Ht Above
Floor Level
(Cm)
Front top edge of wash hand basin 85
Top of partitions for urinals 130
Lip of urinal for gentlemen 70
Bottom edge of reflecting surface of 130
mirror fixed behind wash basin
Rod of towel rail 90
Bottom of shower rose 200
Stop cock for shower rose 100
Tap in water closet 22
 STANDARD HEIGHTS FOR
FIXTURES/FITTINGS/ELEMENTS
Architectural Ht Above Floor
Element/Fitting/Fixture Level (Cm)

Tap in kitchen ground sink 40

Tap in bath room 70
Tap in bathroom – if used for taking 110
bath sitting on floor, below the tap
Bottom of ceiling fan 260
Top of railing in balcony 90
Top of staircase railing (measured 85
from edge of nosing of steps )
STANDARD DIMENSIONS/CLEARANCES FOR
FIXTURES/FITTINGS/ELEMENTS
Clearance between ceiling fan and 30 cm
ceiling (min)
Projection of tap in bathroom 20 cm

Projection of shower 50 cm

Distance between centre of W. C. 45 cm

and adjacent wall
Min. space in front of W. C. 60 cm
MINIMUM SPACE REQUIREMENTS IN BUILDINGS

Item Minimum space

provision ( cm)
Depth of wardrobe (for coats) 50
Between walls enclosing wash 95
basin
In front of wash basin and wall 65
Edge of dining table and wall 85
Edge of dining table and cabinets 120
Between table and other furniture 60
 STANDARD SIZES OF DOOR

Size of opening in Wall Remarks

Mm Ft
800 x 2000 2’8” x 6’-6” Single leaf
800 x2100 2’8” x 6’-10” -do-
900 x 2000 3’0” x 6’-6” -do-
900 x 2100 3’0” x 6’-10” -do-
1000 x 2000 3’-3” x 6’-6” -do-
1000 x 2100 3’-3” x 6’-10” -do-
1200 x 2000 4’-0” x 6’-6” -do-
1200 x 2100 4’-0” x 6’ – 10” -do-
 RECOMMENDED SIZE OF DOOR

 External door – 1200 x 2000 mm (4’-0” x 6’-6”)

 Internal door for bedroom or living room –
1000 x 2000 mm (3’-3” x 6’-6”) or 900 x 2000
mm (3’ x 6’-6”)
 Bathroom and 800 x 2000 mm ( 2’8” x 6’-6”)
Kitchen
 STANDARD SIZE OF WINDOWS
Opening in wall Remarks
Mm Ft
600 (width) x 1200 2’ x 4’ Single shutter
1000 x 1200 3’-3” x 4’ Double shutter
1200 x 1200 4’ x 4’ -do-
600 x 1300 2’ x 4’-4” -do-
1000 x 1300 3’-3” x 4’-4” -do-
1200 x 1300 4’ x 4’-4” -do-
600 x 600 2’ x 2’ -
1000 x 600 3’-3” x 2’ 1000 mm wide
and 600 mm high
1200 x 600 4’ x 2’ -
 RECOMMENDED HEIGHT OF WINDOW SILL

Bed room 510 mm (1’-8”)

Living room 640 mm (2’-1”)

Dining room 640 mm (2’-1”)

Kitchen 1000 mm (3’-3”)

Bathroom 1300 mm (4’-6”)

 PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
 Drainage system should permit easy cleaning in case
of blockade or repair in case of leakage
 Should prevent access of foul gases to the building
and provide for escape
 High quality sewer pipes should be used
 Safe against air lock siphonage, proneness to
obstruction, deposit and damage
 Lateral sewer should not overflow at the time of
maximum discharge
 Storm water should not mix with house sewage
 Layout should be simple, direct and laid in straight
lines
 Drain to be laid under buildings only if a unavoidable
 PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
 Size and shape to be decided considering
 Ground slope of a nearby area

 Catchment area

 Maximum discharge

 Self cleaning velocity at min. flow

 Sufficient freeboard at max. flow.

 Use corrosion resistant material

 Drain should be laid straight between man holes
PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF DRAINAGE
SYSTEM

 Outfall level to be sufficiently higher than water

level in public sewer
 House sewer to be disconnected from public
sewer by provision of intercepting trap
 Slopes for self cleaning velocity :
 10 cm pipe – 1 in 40
 15 cm pipe – 1 in 60
 25 cm pipe – 1 in 90
 System should be well ventilated.
 WATER PROOFING OF FLAT ROOFS :
BASIC REQUIREMENT

 Provision of adequate slope : 1in 100 or steeper

 Provision of adequate openings (IS:2527 – 1984)
 Spacing of outlet pipes : 6 m
 Size of pipes : depending upon average rate of rainfall
and roof area (Ref. Works Manual page 44 – Table 1)
 Proper detailing at junction of roof with parapet wall
 Works Manual page 46 fig. 1
 Expansion joints
 Joint to be filled with non-absorbing, compressible, non-
brittle, water tight sealant (IS 3414, IS 1838, IS 1834)
MEASURE TO PREVENT ROOF LEAKAGE IN NEW
CONSTRUCTION

 Extend roof beyond supporting walls by 30

cms.
 Satisfy basic requirement for waterproof
roof.
 Apply water proofing treatment suitable for
climatic conditions and accessibility to
roof.
 Ensure quality of concreting and terracing.
 ADDITIONAL PRECAUTION DURING
CONSTRUCTION

 Building Plan should give details of terracing,

water proofing system with details of joint with
parapet wall, sunken floor and down water
pipes.
 No air bubbles between under lying surface and
waterproofing layer. Adequate overlap for water
proofing layers including cover up-to parapet
wall.
 Proper sealing of area around the water sprouts
 Impermeable layer/coating should not be
provided on both faces of walls.
 ADDITIONAL PRECAUTION DURING
CONSTRUCTION
 Impermeable finish or waterproof finish should
not be applied on wet walls
 Proper drip course on parapet wall copings, sun-
shades, chajjas
 Proper damp proofing of sunken floors
 Joints of WC Pan and traps to be sealed with
epoxy putty
 Joints in tiles in floors of toilets and bathrooms to
be sealed with polymer based sealant
 DESIRED PROPERTIES OF WATER
PROOFING SYSTEM

 Should be impermeable or have very low

permeability
 Should have strong adhesion with sub-
strata
 Should be sufficiently elastic to withstand
expansion and contraction of sub-strata
due to temperature fluctuations
 DESIRED PROPERTIES OF WATER
PROOFING SYSTEM
 Should have high resistance to abrasion
and cracking
 Should be resistant to ultra violet rays
 SHOULD BE BREATHABLE i.e. Permit
vapour transmission
 Application should be easy
 Should be durable