Introduction to Artificial

Neural Network

Andry Alamsyah
Social Computing and Big Data Research Group
Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis
 Andry Alamsyah
Social Computing and Big Data Research Group
School of Economics and Business

Research Field :
Social Network, Complex Network, Network Science, Social Computing,
Data Analytics, Data Mining, Big Data, Graph Theory, Content Business,
Information Business, ICT Business

- andry.alamsyah@gmail.com
- andrya.staff.telkomuniversity.ac.id
- telkomuniversity.academia.edu/andryalamsya
h
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Introduction to Supervised and
Unsupervised Learning

B
A B
A
B A
Two possible Solutions…

A B A B B B

A A
A B B A
 Supervised Learning

• It is based on a labeled
training set.  Class

• The class of each piece  Class

A
of data in training set is B  Class
known.  Class
B
• Class labels are pre-
determined and
A
provided in the training A  Class

phase.  Class B
 Supervised Vs Unsupervised
• Task performed • Task performed
Classification Clustering
Pattern • NN Model :
Recognition Self Organizing
• NN model : Maps
Perceptron “What groupings exist
Feed-forward NN in this data?”
“How is each data
“What is the class of point related to the
this data point?” data set as a
whole?”
 Unsupervised Learning
• Input : set of patterns P, from n-dimensional space S,
but little/no information about their classification,
evaluation, interesting features, etc.
It must learn these by itself! : )

• Tasks:
– Clustering - Group patterns based on similarity
– Vector Quantization - Fully divide up S into a small
set of regions (defined by codebook vectors) that
also helps cluster P.
– Feature Extraction - Reduce dimensionality of S
by removing unimportant features (i.e. those that
do not help in clustering P)
Neural Network
 Why Neural Networks Models
• Computer modeling scientist think to approach complex system
model by computation that is loosely based upon the
architecture of the brain.
• Many different models, but all include:
– Multiple, individual “nodes” or “units” that operate at the
same time (in parallel)
– A network that connects the nodes together
– Information is stored in a distributed fashion among the links
that connect the nodes
– Learning can occur with gradual changes in connection
strength
 Biological Inspiration
Idea : To make the computer more robust, intelligent, and learn, …
Let’s model our computer software (and/or hardware) after the brain

“My brain: It's my second favorite organ.”

- Woody Allen, from the movie Sleeper
 Computation in the brain
• The brain's network of neurons forms a massively parallel information processing
system. This contrasts with conventional computers, in which a single processor
executes a single series of instructions.
• Against this, consider the time taken for each elementary operation: neurons typically
operate at a maximum rate of about 100 Hz, while a conventional CPU carries out
several hundred million machine level operations per second. Despite of being built
with very slow hardware, the brain has quite remarkable capabilities:
• Its performance tends to degrade gracefully under partial damage. In contrast, most
programs and engineered systems are brittle: if you remove some arbitrary parts,
very likely the whole will cease to function.
• It can learn (reorganize itself) from experience.
• This means that partial recovery from damage is possible if healthy units can learn to
take over the functions previously carried out by the damaged areas.
• It performs massively parallel computations extremely efficiently. For example,
complex visual perception occurs within less than 100 ms, that is, 10 processing
steps!
• It supports our intelligence and self-awareness. (Nobody knows yet how this occurs.)
• As a discipline of Artificial Intelligence, Neural Networks attempt to bring computers a
little closer to the brain's capabilities by imitating certain aspects of information
processing in the brain, in a highly simplified way.
 Neurons in the Brain
• Although heterogeneous, at a low level the
brain is composed of neurons
– A neuron receives input from other neurons
(generally thousands) from its synapses
– Inputs are approximately summed
– When the input exceeds a threshold the neuron
sends an electrical spike that travels that travels
from the body, down the axon, to the next
neuron(s)
 Artificial Neural Networks
Inputs

output

An artificial neural network is composed of many

artificial neurons that are linked together according to
a specific network architecture. The objective of the
neural network is to transform the inputs into
meaningful outputs.
 Brain VS Computer (traditional)

200 billion neurons, 32 trillion 1 billion bytes RAM but trillions of

synapses bytes on disk

Element size: 10-6 m Element size: 10-9 m

Energy use: 25W Energy watt: 30-90W (CPU)
Processing speed: 100 Hz Processing speed: 109 Hz
Parallel, Distributed Serial, Centralized
Learns: Yes Learns: Some
Fault Tolerant Generally not Fault Tolerant
Intelligent/Conscious: Usually Intelligent/Conscious: Generally No
 Learning as optimisation
• The objective of adapting the responses on the basis of the information
received from the environment is to achieve a better state. E.g., the
animal likes to eat many energy rich, juicy fruits that make its stomach
full, and makes it feel happy.

• In other words, the objective of learning in biological organisms is to

optimise the amount of available resources, happiness, or in general to
achieve a closer to optimal state.
 Typical ANN Tasks
Tasks to be solved by artificial neural networks:
• controlling the movements of a robot based on self-
perception and other information (e.g., visual information);
• deciding the category of potential food items (e.g., edible
or non-edible) in an artificial world;
• recognizing a visual object (e.g., a familiar face);
• predicting where a moving object goes, when a robot
wants to catch it.
 Learning principle for
artificial neural networks
ENERGY MINIMIZATION

We need an appropriate definition of energy for artificial neural

networks, and having that we can use mathematical
optimisation techniques to find how to change the weights of
the synaptic connections between neurons.

ENERGY = measure of task performance error

Video
 Neural Network Mathematics
hidden layer
Inputs

output

y11  f ( x1 , w11 )  y11 

  y  f (y ,w )
2 1 2  y 2

y 12  f ( x 2 , w12 )  1
 1 1  3

y
y1   21  y   y3 
2 2 yOut  f ( y 2 , w13 )
y 31  f ( x3 , w31 ) y 22  f ( y1 , w22 )  2 
 y3  y3 
 y1  y3  f ( y , w3 )
2 1 2 
y 14  f ( x 4 , w14 )  4
 General Neural Network Steps
1. Split the data into training set and validation (test set)
2. Vary the number of hidden neurons from 1 to 10 in steps 1 or more
3. Train neural network on the training set and measure the performance on
the validation set (may be train multiple neural networks to deal with local
minimum issue
4. Choose the number of hidden neurons with optimal validation set
performance
5. Measure the performance on the independent test set
 Some Facts ANN (1)
• Instead of programming computational system to do specific
tasks, teach system how to perform task
• To do this, generate Artificial Intelligence System- AI
• Empirical model which can rapidly and accurately find the
patterns buried in data that reflect useful knowledge
• One case of these AI models is neural networks
• AI systems must be adaptive – able to learn from data on a
continuous basis
• ANN is non-linear transformation functions similar to logistic
regression. So logistic regression is neural network with one
neuron
• More complex non-linear patterns requires more hidden layers
 Some Facts ANN (2)
• Neural networks can model very complex patterns and decision
boundaries in the data and, as such are very powerful. In fact,
they can even model the noise in the training data
• It is a black box process, so it is difficult to explain the usage in
everyday applications
• To open up the black box process, we use rule extractions or
two-stage modelling
• Rule extraction purpose is to extract if/then classification rules
mimicking neural network behavior
• There are two rule extraction: Decompositional and
Pedagogical Technique

Source: Bart Baesen

 Decompositional Neural Network Step
Objective : Consider the neural network as a black box and use neural
network predictions as input to a white box analytical techniques such as
decision tree

1. Train a neural network and prune it as much as possible in

terms of connections
2. Categorize the hidden unit activation values using clustering
3. Extract rules that describe the network outputs in terms of
categorized hidden unit activation values
4. Extract rules that describe the categorized hidden unit
activation values in terms of the network inputs
5. Merge the rules obtained in step 3 and 4 to directly relate the
inputs to outputs

example in next slide

Example: Credit Risk (1)
Example: Credit Risk (2)
 Pedagogical Neural Network Step
Objective : Decompose the network internal workings by inspecting weight
and/or activation values

• The learning data set can be further augmented with artificial

data, which then labeled (e.g. classified or predicted) by neural
network, so as to further increase the number of observations to
make the splitting decisions when building the decision tree.
• Both pedagogical and decompositional approach evaluated in
terms of their accuracy, conciseness (e.g, number of rules,
number of conditions per rule), and fidelity

example in next slide

Example: Credit Risk (3)
Example: Credit Risk (4)
Basic Types of Learning

ANN

Supervised Unsupervised
Learning Learning
 Types of Problems
• Mathematical Modeling (Function Approximation)
• Classification
• Clustering
• Forecasting
• Vector Quantization
• Pattern Association
• Control
• Optimization
 Mathematical Modeling
(Function Approximation)

• Modeling – often mathematical relationship between two sets of data

unknown analytically
• No closed form expression available
• Empirical data available defining output parameters for each input
• Data is often noisy
• Need to construct a mathematical model that correctly generates
outputs from inputs
• Approximation carried out using ………………………….
• Network learns ………………………………………….
• Trained Neural Net can be substituted for ………………………….
• Fast computation, reasonable approximation
 Classification

• Assignment of objects to specific class

• Given a database of objects and classes of those
objects
• Induce ……………………………

• Create a classifier that will ………………..

 Clustering
• Grouping together objects similar to one another
• Usually based on some “distance” measurement in
object parameter space
• Objects and distance relationships available
• No prior info on classes or groupings
• Objects clustered based on ………………..
• Clustering may precede ………………………
• Similar to statistical k-nearest neighbor clustering
method
 Forecasting
• Prediction of future events based on history
• Laws underlying behavior of system sometimes
hidden; too many related variables to handle
• Trends and regularities often masked by noise
• Prediction system must be able to ……………….
• Time series forecasting – special case of ……….
• Weather, Stock market indices, machine performance
 Vector Quantization
• Kohonen classifier – most well known
• Object space divided into several connected
regions
• Objects classified based on proximity to regions
• Closest region or node is “winner”
• Form of compression of high dimensional input
space
• Successfully used in many geological and
environmental classification problems where
input object characteristics often unknown
 Pattern Association
• Auto-associative systems useful when incoming
data is a corrupted version of actual object e.g. face,
handwriting
• Corrupt input sample should trigger ……………

• Require a response which …………………

• May require several iterations of repeated

modification of input
• Will be discussed under ……………………..
 Control
• Manufacturing, Robotic and Industrial machines
have complex relationships between input and
output variables
• Output variables define state of machine
• Input variables define machine parameters
determined by operation conditions, time and
human input
• System may be static or dynamic
• Need to map inputs to outputs for stable smooth
operation
• Examples include chemical plants, truck backup,
robot control
 Optimization
• Requirement to improve system performance or costs
subject to constraints
• Maximize or Minimize …………………….
• “Terrain” of objective function typically very
…………………………………..
• Large number of …………….. affecting objective
function (high …………… of problem)

• Design variables often subject to ……………….

• Lots of local ………………………..
• Neural nets can be used to find global optima
 The Future : Deep Learning
Deep learning (also known as deep structured learning or hierarchical learning) is part of a
broader family of machine learning methods based on learning data representations, as opposed
to task-specific algorithms. Learning can be supervised, partially supervised
or unsupervised.[1][2][3][4]
Some representations are loosely based on interpretation of information processing and
communication patterns in a biological nervous system, such as neural coding that attempts to
define a relationship between various stimuli and associated neuronal responses in
the brain.[5]Research attempts to create efficient systems to learn these representations from
large-scale, unlabeled data sets.
Deep learning architectures such as deep neural networks, deep belief networks and recurrent
neural networks have been applied to fields including computer vision, speech recognition, natural
language processing, audio recognition, social network filtering, machine
translationand bioinformatics where they produced results comparable to and in some cases
superior[6] to human experts.[7]