GE 112 4 Sets (Part 1)

Sets
GE 112
Mathematics in the Modern World
Roel F. Ceballos
Faculty, Math & Stat Department
College of Arts & Sciences
University of Southeastern Philippines
Sets
In mathematics, ay group or collection of

objects is called a set.
A simple application of sets occurs when you

use a search engine (such as Google or Bing)
to find a topic on the Internet. You enter a few
words describing what you are searching for
and click the Search button. The search
engine then creates a list(set) of websites that
contain a match for the words you submitted.
Sets Page 2
Sets
Elements
The objects that belong in a set are the
elements, or members, of the set.
Methods used to designate a set:

• Describe the set using words
• Roster method-List the elements inside a
pair of braces {}
Sets Page 3
Sets
Example 4.1 Let S be the set consisting of the

four seasons.
𝑆 = 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙
Take note that the order in which the

elements are arranged is not important. Thus,
S can be written as
𝑆 = 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟
Sets Page 4
Sets
The following table gives two examples of

sets, where each set is designated by a
word description and also by using the roster
method.
Sets Page 5
Sets
Example 4.2 Use the roster method to

represent the set of the days in a week.
Example 4.3 Use the roster method to

represent the set of months that start with the
letter A.
Sets Page 6
Sets
Example 4.4 Write a word description for the

set
𝐴 = {𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑔, ℎ, 𝑖, 𝑗, 𝑘, 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑜, 𝑝,
𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠, 𝑡, 𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧}
Sets Page 7
Basic Number Sets
Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers N 1, 2, 3,

4, 5, ...
Whole Numbers W 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
Integers I ... , 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
Rational Numbers Q the set of all terminating or
repeating decimals
Irrational Numbers the set of all
nonterminating, nonrepeating decimals
Real Numbers R the set of all rational or
irrational numbers
Sets Page 8
Basic Number Sets
Example 4.4 Use the roster method to write

each of the given sets
a. The set of natural numbers less than 5
b. The solution set of x+5=-1
c. The set of negative integers greater than -
4
Sets Page 9
Definitions Regarding Sets
A set is well defined if it is possible to

determine whether any given item is an
element of the set. For instance the set of
letters of the English alphabet is well defined.
The set of great songs is not well-defined set.
4 ∈ 𝑁 can be read as 4 is an element of

natural numbers
−3 ∉ 𝑁 can be read as -3 is not an element of
natural numbers
Sets Page 10
Example 4.5 Determine whether each

statement is true or false
a. 4 ∈ {2,3,4,7} b. −5 ∈ 𝑁 c. 1/2 ∉ 𝐼
Sets Page 11
Empty/Null Set
The empty set is the set that contains no
elements. The symbol ∅ or {} is used to
represent this.
Another method of representing a set is set-

builder notation.
𝑥 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 > 7
Sets Page 12
Example 4.6 Use set-builder notation to write

the following sets.
a. The set of integers greater than -3
b. The set of whole numbers less than 1000
Sets Page 13
Finite set
A set is finite if the number of elements in the
set is a whole number
Cardinal number
The cardinal number of a finite set is the
number of elements in the set. The cardinal
number of a set A is denoted by n(A). For
instance, if 𝐴 = {1,4,6,9}, then 𝑛(𝐴) = 4
Sets Page 14
Example 4.7 Find the cardinality of the

following sets.
a. 𝐽 = {2,5} b. 𝑆 = {3,4,5,6,7, … , 31}
c. 𝑇 = 3,3,7,51
Sets Page 15
Equal sets
Set 𝐴 is equal to set 𝐵, denoted by 𝐴 = 𝐵, if
and only if 𝐴 and 𝐵 have exactly the same
elements. For instance 𝑑, 𝑒, 𝑓 = 𝑒, 𝑓, 𝑑 are
equal.
Equivalent sets
Set A is equivalent to set B, denoted by 𝐴~𝐵,
if and only if A and B have the same number
of elements.
Sets Page 16
Question.
It two sets are equal, must they also be

equivalent?
Sets Page 17
Example 4.8 State whether each of the

following pairs of sets are equal, equivalent,
both , or neither.
a. 𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑢, 𝑜 , {3,7,11,15,19}
b. 4, −2,7 , {3,4,7,9}
Sets Page 18

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Sets

In mathematics, ay group or collection of

A simple application of sets occurs when you

Methods used to designate a set:

Example 4.1 Let S be the set consisting of the

Take note that the order in which the

𝑆 = 𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟, 𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟

The following table gives two examples of

Example 4.2 Use the roster method to

Example 4.3 Use the roster method to

Example 4.4 Write a word description for the

Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers N 1, 2, 3,

Example 4.4 Use the roster method to write

A set is well defined if it is possible to

4 ∈ 𝑁 can be read as 4 is an element of

Example 4.5 Determine whether each

Another method of representing a set is set-

Example 4.6 Use set-builder notation to write

Example 4.7 Find the cardinality of the

It two sets are equal, must they also be

Example 4.8 State whether each of the

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