Sagging: Compression Compres Sion

Flanged Beams SLAB
COMPRES COMPRESSION
SION
NA
Tens Tens
ion ion
L - Beam T - Beam Beams
Reinforced concrete slabs used in floors and roofs are mostly cast
monolithic with the beam.
Under the action of SAGGING bending moment, (simply supported
beams or between the supports of a continuous beam) the slab, up to a
certain width greater than the width of the beam, forms the top part of the
beam.
Such beams are designated as the flanged beams - either T or L type
depending on whether the slab is on both sides or on one side of the beam
NOTE
Over the supports of a continuous beam, the bending

moment is Hogging and the slab, is in tension while a part
of the rectangular beam (rib) is in compression. At support
it behaves like a rectangular beam only
Effective Width of Flange
Actual Width of Flange (B)
Effective Width of
Flange (Bf )
Df
X1 X2
bw
X1/2 X2/2
Df = Flange
Thickness or Slab
Depth
L1 L2
L - Beam T - Beam
Actual width of Flanged beam (B) = Distance between Middle points of the
adjacent spans of the slab
Effective Width of Flanged beam (Bf) – Computed as per CL 23.1.2
bf <= bw + X1/2 + X2/2

Note:
Effective width concept is

used to assume constant
compressive stress
The neutral axis of a flanged beam may be
either in the flange or in the web depending on
the physical dimensions of the
• effective width of flange bf
•width of web (Rib) bw
• thickness of flange Df
•effective depth of flanged beam d
• and Ast
Analysis of Flanged Sections
Case 1: Neutral axis is in the flange ; Xu < Df
Case 2 : Neutral axis is in the web and the section is

balanced; Xu > Df and Xu = Xu,max

under-reinforced; Xu,max > Xu > Df

over-reinforced Xu > Xu,max > Df
Case 1: Neutral axis is in the flange
Xu < Df
C
C/S Strain diagram Stress Diagram

Moment of Resistance Mu
The flanged beam may be considered as a rectangular
beam of width bf and effective depth d as the concrete
in tension is ignored
Mu is computed like a rectangular beam of

size ( bf x d).
Note:
Use bf instead of b in the calculations
Example 1
Determine the moment of resistance of the T-beam Given

data: bf = 1000 mm, Df = 100 mm, bw = 300 mm, cover =
37.5 mm, D = 500 mm and Ast = 1963 mm2 (4 - #25).
Use M 20 and Fe 415.
Step 1: Effective depth
Effective cover = Clear cover + (Dia of bar /2)

= 37.5 + (25/2) = 50mm
Effective depth d = D – 50 = 500 – 50 = 450 mm
Step 2: Depth of the neutral axis Xu
Assume NA to be in the flange (Xu < Df)
C =T
0.36 fck bf Xu = 0.87 fy Ast
0.36 x20 x1000 x Xu = 0.87 x415 x 1963
Xu = 98.44 mm < Df = 100 mm
Hence Assumption is OK
Step 3: Depth of the Xu,max (Balanced Case)
0.0035/Xu,max = { (0.87 x 415 / 200000)+0.002}/(450 – Xumax)
Xu,max = 215.6 mm (= 0.48 d)
Xu < Xu,max.
Hence the beam is Under reinforced and failure is due to Yielding

of tension steel.
Step 4: Compute Mu
Mu = T x Z
= 0.87 fy Ast (d - 0.42 Xu)
=0.87 x 415 x 1963 x (450 – 0.42 x 98.44)
= 289.63 kNm
Case 2
When the neutral axis is in the web and the
section is balanced (xu,max > Df )
(a)When Df /d <= 0.2

• The depth of the rectangular portion of the stress
block of constant stress = 0.446 fck is greater than Df.
• The section is split into two parts:
1. rectangular web of width bw and effective depth d
2. flange of width (bf - bw) and depth Df

Cf
Cw
+
Total compressive force = C = Cf + Cw
Cf = Compressive force of rectangular flange of

width (bf - bw) and depth Df
= 0.446 fck Df (bf-bw)
Cw = Compressive force of rectangular beam of

width bw and depth d
= Area of Stress Block x bw = 0.36 fck Xu,max bw

C = 0.446 fck Df (bf-bw) + 0.36 fck Xu,max bw
T = 0.87 fy Ast
Lever Arm
• The lever arm of the rectangular beam (web part) is
Zw = (d - 0.42 Xu, max)
• for the flanged part is Zf = (d - 0.5 Df ).

Limiting Moment of Resistance (Balanced)
Total moment = Mu,lim = Mw + Mf
Mw = Moment due to rectangular web part

= Cw x Zw
=0.36 fck Xu,max bw (d - 0.42 Xu,max)
Mf = Moment due to flange part

= Cf x Zf
= 0.446 fck Df (bf-bw) (d - 0.5 Df ).
Mu,lim = 0.36 fck bw xu, max (d - 0.42 xu, max )
+
0.45 fck (bf - bw) Df (d - Df /2)
or
Mu ,lim= 0.36 xu, max / d (1 - 0.42 xu, max / d ) fck bw d2

+
0.45 fck (bf - bw) Df (d - Df /2)
Same as G-2.2 of IS 456.

(b) When Df /d > 0.2
• In this case, the depth of rectangular portion of

stress block is within the flange.
• It is assumed that this depth of constant stress

(0.45 fck) is yf where
yf = 0.15 Xu, max + 0.65 Df

but not greater than Df
equations of C, T and Mu are obtained
from equations derived in previous case
and by changing Df to yf.
C = 0.446 fck yf (bf-bw) + 0.36 fck Xu,max bw
T = 0.87 fy Ast
Lever Arm
Zw = (d - 0.42 Xu, max)
• for the flanged part is Zf = (d - 0.5 yf ).

Mu,lim = 0.36 fck bw xu, max (d - 0.42 xu, max )
+
0.45 fck (bf - bw) yf (d - yf /2)
or
Mu ,lim= 0.36 xu, max / d (1 - 0.42 xu, max / d ) fck bw d2

+
0.45 fck (bf - bw) yf (d - yf /2)
Same as G-2.2 .1of IS 456.

Example 2:
Determine Ast,lim and Mu,lim of the flanged

beam. bf = 1000 mm, Df = 100 mm, bw = 300
mm, cover = 50 mm and d = 450 mm.
Use M 20 and Fe 415.
Step 1: To determine Df / d ratio
For the limiting case xu = xu,max
= 0.48 (450) = 216 mm > Df
Df / d = 100/450 = 0.222 > 0.2

Step 2: Computations of yf , C and T
yf = 0.15 Xu, max + 0.65 Df ;not greater than Df
yf = 0.15 x 216 + 0.65 x 100 = 97.4mm
C = 0.446 fck yf (bf-bw) + 0.36 fck Xu,max bw
= 0.446 x 20 x 97.4 x(1000-300) +

0.36 x 20 x 216 x300
= 1074.7 kN
T = 0.87 fy Ast = 1074.7
Ast = 1074.7 x1000 / (0.87 x415) = 2976.67 mm2

Step 3: Computation of Mu
Mu ,lim = 0.36 xu, max / d (1 - 0.42 xu, max / d ) fck bw d2

+
0.45 fck (bf - bw) yf (d - yf /2)
Mu,lim = 0.36 x 0.48 x( 1-0.42 x0.48) 20 x 300x4502
+
0.45 x 20 x(1000-300)x97.4 x(450 – 97.4/2)
= 413.88 kNm
Case 3 : G-2.3 of IS 456.
Neutral axis is in the web and the section

is under-reinforced;
Xu,max > Xu > Df
(a) Df /xu < =0.43, the full depth of flange

is having the constant stress
(b) Df /xu > 0.43, the constant stress is for

a part of the depth of flange
Case (a) : Df /xu < =0.43
0.0035
0.0035 /Xu = 0.002 / (Xu-h)
h = 0.43 Xu
h 0.002
• Since Df < = h, the entire
flange will be under a
Xu
constant stress of 0.45 fck
• The expressions of C, T and

Mu are of Case 2 (a) wherein
xu,max is replaced by xu
C = 0.446 fck Df (bf-bw) + 0.36 fck Xu bw
T = 0.87 fy Ast
Lever Arm
Zw = (d - 0.42 Xu)
• for the flanged part is Zf = (d - 0.5 Df ).

Mu,= 0.36 xu / d (1 - 0.42 xu / d ) fck bw d2
+
0.45 fck (bf - bw) Df (d - Df /2)
Case (b): Df / xu > 0.43,
Since Df > h, the part of the flange having

the constant stress of 0.45 fck is assumed
as yf .
The expressions of yf , C, T and Mu are of

Case 2 (b) wherein xu,max is replaced by xu
Example 3
Determine the moment of resistance of the

beam with Ast as (4 - #25 and 2- #20).
bf = 1000 mm, Df = 100 mm, bw = 300 mm,
cover = 50 mm and d = 450 mm. Use M 20
and Fe 415.
Ast = 2592 mm2

Step 1: Trial Position of NA
Assume Xu to be in the flange and the beam is under-

reinforced,
C= T
Xu = (0.87 x 415 x 2592)/( 0.36 x 20 x1000)

= 129.98 mm > Df
NA lies outside the flange

Step 2: To determine Xu
Df/d = 100/450 = 0.22 > 0.2
Assume Df / Xu > 0.43
0.36 fck bw xu + 0.45 fck (bf - bw) yf = 0.87 fy Ast
yf = 0.15 Xu + 0.65 Df
0.36 x 20 x 300 Xu + 0.45 x 20 x (1000 - 300)

(0.15 Xu + 0.65 x100) = 0.87 x 415x 2592
Xu = 169.5 mm
Xu,max = 0.48 d = 216 mm
Xu,max > Xu. Section is Under- reinforced

Df/ Xu = 100 / 169.5 = 0.59 > 0.43
Assumption is correct
Step 3: Determine Mu as per CL G.2.3
Mu = 0.36 xu / d (1 - 0.42 xu / d ) fck bw d2

+
0.45 fck (bf - bw) yf (d - yf /2)
y f = 0.15 x 169.5 + 0.65 x 100 = 90.425 mm
Xu / d = 169.5 / 450 = 0.376

Mu = 0.36 x 0.376 (1 - 0.42 x0.376 ) 20 x 300 x 4502
+
0.45 x 20 (1000 - 300) 90.425 (450 – (90.425 /2))
= 138.5 + 230.6 = 369.1 kNm

Case 4
Neutral axis is in the web and the section is over-

reinforced
Xu > Xu,max > Df
Xu = Xu,max and Mu is computed as per case 2
CL G.2.2 or G.2.2.1 depending upon Df/d ratio

Example 4
Determine the moment of resistance of the

beam with Ast = 4825 mm2
bf = 1000 mm, Df = 100 mm, bw = 300 mm,

cover = 50 mm and d = 450 mm. Use M 20
and Fe 415.
Step 1: Trial Position of NA
Assume Xu to be in the flange and the beam is under-

reinforced,
C= T
Xu = (0.87 x 415 x 4825)/( 0.36 x 20 x1000)

= 241.96 mm > Df
NA lies outside the flange

Step 2: To determine Xu
Df/d = 100/450 = 0.22 > 0.2
Assume Df / Xu > 0.43
0.36 fck bw xu + 0.45 fck (bf - bw) yf = 0.87 fy Ast
yf = 0.15 Xu + 0.65 Df
0.36 x 20 x 300 Xu + 0.45 x 20 x (1000 - 300)

(0.15 Xu + 0.65 x100) = 0.87 x 415x 4825
Xu = 429.17mm
Xu,max = 0.48 d = 216 mm
Xu,max < Xu. Section is Over- reinforced

Xu = Xu,max = 216 mm
Step 3: Determine Mu as per CL G.2.2.1
Mu = 0.36 xu.max / d (1 - 0.42 xu,max / d ) fck bw d2

+
0.45 fck (bf - bw) yf (d - yf /2)
y f = 0.15 x 216 + 0.65 x 100= 97.4 mm
Xu,max / d = 216 / 450 = 0.48

Mu = 0.36 x 0.48 (1 - 0.42 x0.48 ) 20 x 300 x 4502
+
0.45 x 20 (1000 - 300) 97.4 (450 – (97.4 /2))
= 167.6 + 246.2= 413.8 kNm

Sagging: Compression Compres Sion

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Flanged Beams SLAB

L - Beam T - Beam Beams

Over the supports of a continuous beam, the bending

Actual Width of Flange (B)

Effective Width of Flanged beam (Bf) – Computed as per CL 23.1.2

bf <= bw + X1/2 + X2/2

Effective width concept is

• effective width of flange bf

•width of web (Rib) bw

•effective depth of flanged beam d

Case 1: Neutral axis is in the flange ; Xu < Df

Case 2 : Neutral axis is in the web and the section is

Case 3 : Neutral axis is in the web and the section is

Case 4 : Neutral axis is in the web and the section is

C/S Strain diagram Stress Diagram

Mu is computed like a rectangular beam of

Determine the moment of resistance of the T-beam Given

Step 1: Effective depth

Effective cover = Clear cover + (Dia of bar /2)

Assume NA to be in the flange (Xu < Df)

0.36 fck bf Xu = 0.87 fy Ast

0.36 x20 x1000 x Xu = 0.87 x415 x 1963

Xu = 98.44 mm < Df = 100 mm

0.0035/Xu,max = { (0.87 x 415 / 200000)+0.002}/(450 – Xumax)

Xu,max = 215.6 mm (= 0.48 d)

Hence the beam is Under reinforced and failure is due to Yielding

(a)When Df /d <= 0.2

1. rectangular web of width bw and effective depth d

2. flange of width (bf - bw) and depth Df

Cf = Compressive force of rectangular flange of

= 0.446 fck Df (bf-bw)

Cw = Compressive force of rectangular beam of

= Area of Stress Block x bw = 0.36 fck Xu,max bw

• for the flanged part is Zf = (d - 0.5 Df ).

Total moment = Mu,lim = Mw + Mf

Mw = Moment due to rectangular web part

Mf = Moment due to flange part

Mu ,lim= 0.36 xu, max / d (1 - 0.42 xu, max / d ) fck bw d2

Same as G-2.2 of IS 456.

• In this case, the depth of rectangular portion of

• It is assumed that this depth of constant stress

yf = 0.15 Xu, max + 0.65 Df

• for the flanged part is Zf = (d - 0.5 yf ).

Mu ,lim= 0.36 xu, max / d (1 - 0.42 xu, max / d ) fck bw d2

Same as G-2.2 .1of IS 456.

Determine Ast,lim and Mu,lim of the flanged

For the limiting case xu = xu,max

= 0.48 (450) = 216 mm > Df

Df / d = 100/450 = 0.222 > 0.2

yf = 0.15 x 216 + 0.65 x 100 = 97.4mm

C = 0.446 fck yf (bf-bw) + 0.36 fck Xu,max bw

= 0.446 x 20 x 97.4 x(1000-300) +

Ast = 1074.7 x1000 / (0.87 x415) = 2976.67 mm2

Mu ,lim = 0.36 xu, max / d (1 - 0.42 xu, max / d ) fck bw d2

Mu,lim = 0.36 x 0.48 x( 1-0.42 x0.48) 20 x 300x4502

Neutral axis is in the web and the section

(a) Df /xu < =0.43, the full depth of flange

(b) Df /xu > 0.43, the constant stress is for