MAIN

STAGES OF DIGESTION
2.)Digestion
1.) Ingestion
2.) Digestion
• Extracellular Digestion- digestion is completed in
food canal before absorption takes place through
3.) Absorption
the cell membrane.
• Digestion of food
4.) Assimilation
• Physical Digestion
• Chemical Digestion
5.) Egestion
 PHYSICAL
CHEMICAL
Reference…
DIGESTION
• Solid
Complex
foodfood
is broken
molecules
downare
andbroken
mixed with
saliva
down to simpler
form bolus.
food molecules.
• Carried out by hydrolysis

• glands 2 TYPES OF DIGESTION

• Enzymes used are secreted by various
Bolus - a round mass of something;
especially of chewed food in the mouth or
alimentaryMain
canal
Enzyme
(digestive
Groups
tract).
• Peristalsis
• Carbohydrases
- movement in the esophagus
and
• Lipases
stomach that helps food move
through
• Proteases
the digestive canal.
Absorption
• Occurs
Glucose, through
fructose,
thegalactose,
intestinal
walls acids and dipeptides
amino
• absorbed through
Modifications in theactive transport.
intestinal
• Fatty acids and glycerol - epithelial
walls
cells
Long intestine
•
Fat droplets (products of
•
Villi
•
recombination of fatty acids and
Microvilli
•
glycerol) enter villi through
pinocytosis
• Blood Capillary System
•• Lipoproteins
Hepatic Portal Vein - group of
• Absorption of water
veins that carry bloodin from
largethe
intestines
capillariesthrough osmosis
of accessory
organs to the liver.
Assimilation
Deamination
• Process of combining the simple
products of digestion or nutrients in an
animal to make complex compounds.

•• Transamination
Most sugars changed to glucose
• Excess glycogen changed to lipids

• Glycerol and fatty acids – lipid droplets

and phospholipids
• Phospholipids - plasma and nuclear
membrane
Egestion
• The colon
small intestine
is the firstabsorbs
part of most of
the water
large intestine.
in the contents It absorbs
of the gut.
• most
By the of time
the remaining
the contents water.
reach the
• semi-solid
end of the small wasteintestine,
material most of the
digested
called feces.
food has also been
• absorbed.
The feces are stored in
the rectum, the last part of the
large intestine. material consists of:
The remaining
• Egestion
• Water happens when these
feces pass
• bacteria outand
(living ofdead)
the body
through the
• cells from theanus.
lining of the gut
• indigestible substances - such as cellulose from
plant cell walls
AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITION
Nutrition is a process of an organism with essential materials
needed for:
-energy production
-growth and reproduction
-secretion
-maintenance of osmotic conditions and pH in the body
 Chemosynthesis Organisms
Examples…
• Process of synthesizing organic compounds from carbon
• Iron bacteria-
dioxide and deriveusing
water their energy
energy.from the oxidation of ferrous(II) salts
• Photosynthesis
to ferric (III) salts.- process of synthesizing organic compounds
-Carbon dioxide
•-Water
Involve the oxidation of inorganic substances:
•-Sunlight
Nitrifying bacteria
-hydrogen sulfide
Nitrosomonas - obtain their energy from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrites.
-ammonia
The process of photosynthesis in some Photosynthetic is slightly
-iron
different.

• These organisms Nitrobacter

are called- oxidizes
chemoautotrophs
nitrites to nitrates.
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION
 Holozoic Nutrition
Heterotrophic Nutrition

Holozoic organisms can be divided In mammals, holozoic nutrition

Holozoic nutrition
into five (5) groups: can also be
The
Holozoic
involves five (5) main processes:
1.organisms
classified organisms
by type
Herbivores areand
not
ingest
ableof
size food
tofood
and Three main types:
1. Ingestion
synthesize
digest them
ingested. organic
in
There
2. Carnivores the alimentary
arecompounds,
three (3) canal
but
main 1. Holozoic Nutrition
obtain
before
groups: them
absorbing
from various
them intosources.
the cells 2. Digestion
3. Omnivores 2. Saprophytic (Saprotrophic)
These
through organisms
a blood transport
1. Microphagous
4. Detritivores are heterotrophs.
Feeder system. 3. Absorption
2. Liquid Feeder 3. Parasitic Nutrition
5. 4. Assimilation
3. Insectivorous
Macrophagous Feeder
5. Egestion
Saprophytic (Saprotrophic) Nutrition
 Saprophytic (Saprotrophic) Nutrition

Saprotrophs act as decomposers

Saprotrophs They secrete enzymes such as
whereby organic materials of dead
(saprophytes/saprobionts) are amylases, proteases, lipases
organisms and their waste products
organisms that obtain their nutritional that digest their food extracellularly
are broken down and the component
requirements from dead and and then absorb the products of
chemical elements are eventually
decaying organic molecules. digestion through the cell surface.
released for reuse by autotrophs.
 Parasitic Nutrition

Parasites are organisms that live on Parasites can be divided into

and obtain their food from their host. two groups
Parasites are harmful to the host and BASED ON THE LOCATION OF
can cause death of the host. HOST WHICH THEY DERIVE
THEIR FOOD
 Obligate
FacultativeParasites
Endoparasites
Ectoparasites
Parasites

Parasites the thatlive

liveoninside the host.of
the surface
Bathes
the
Can liveinindependently
host. nutrients
Attack the and absorb
surface
in their
of their
the
food digested
living
absence hostofand by theblood.
suck
a host host.

Examples…
-liver flukes
-ticks
-bootlace fungus, lives on
-tapeworms
-fleas
rotting tree stumps
-potato fungus.
-leeches