Organisimal Biology

Modes of Nutrition can be classified on ABSORTION- is the movement of molecules out of the digestive
how organisms obtain their food. tract and into the blood or lymphatic system
through specialized structure microvilli.
1. Autotrophic organisms ELIMINATION- is the removal of undigested material, such as
 manufacture their own nutrients by synthesizing inorganic
fiber from food, plus other waste products from
materials.
the body as feces.
a) photoautotrophic- organisms that directly use the energy
from the Sun and other inorganic substances such as carbon
dioxide and water to form organic food. Bulk feeders
Examples: plants and some forms of bacteria and protist (eat large pieces of food)
b) chemoautotrophic- organisms that use chemicals to create MASTICATION (Chewing)- begins the process of Mechanical digestion,
simpler organic substances important for their survival. which breaks down large food into smaller ones.
Examples: most bacteria and members of the group Archaea that live in does not alter the chemical composition of food.
extreme environments such as volcanoes and deep-sea vents. Ex. it simply increases the surface area upon which chemicals
of digestion can act.
2. Heterotrophic organisms a. Organs involved during mechanical digestion:
 cannot make their own food, and thus obtain their energy by a. Lips and cheek – move the food around the mouth
digesting organic matter b. Teeth- breaks down food into smaller pieces by
 Heterotrophs include all animals, fungi, and some bacteria. crushing and tearing
a) saprophytic or saprophytic- organisms obtain their nutrients c. Tongue- major role in swallowing (deglutition) as it
from dead organic matter. These organisms secrete digestive pushes food going inside the GI tract. It is also the major
juices to the sorrounding which will be later absorbed sensory organ for taste and one of the major organ of
through their body surface. speech.
Examples: fungi and bacteria b. Chemical digestion- involves enzymes in breaking down food into
b) Parasitic – organisms take food from another organism. simpler molecules like glucose and amino acids that can
Exhibited by some plants and animals. be absorbed or stored by the cells.
Parasites- the organisms that takes food It alters the chemical composition of food
Host- the organisms from where the food is taken Saliva- is a versatile fluid. It helps keep the oral
*ectoparasites- parasite is outside the body of the host. cavity (mouth) moist and contains enzymes (amylase)that
Examples: fleas in dogs and head lice in humans begin the process of digestion
*endoparasites- parasites that live inside the body of the host. Three major pairs of Salivary glands:
Examples: roundworms and hookworms- negatively affects the health of a. parotid glands
humans. b. submandibular glands
c) Holozoic - organisms ingest solid or liquid food. The food is c. Sublingual glands
then digested and absorbed by the body.
* herbivorous- organisms that take in only plants as source of their Organs of the Digestive System: Pathway of food
energy . a) MOUTH
Ex. Sheep, rabbits, cows b) PHARYNX (throat)- connects mouth with the esophagus
* carnivorous- organisms that eat other animals. c) ESOPHAGUS- a muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to
Ex. Lions, tigers, sharks the stomach.
* omnivorous- organisms that take in both plants and animals Peristalsis- is a wave-like involuntary contraction of the walls of
Ex. Pigs, hens, bears esophagus to help and assist food to move downward to the
stomach.
Interrelationships among Autotrophs and Heterotrophs in the d) STOMACH- primarily houses food for mixing with the aid of Gastric
ecosystem. juices like hydrochloric acid and other secretions (pepsin
and renin).
Living organisms are connected in many ways in an ecosystem Chyme- a semi fluid mixture as partly digested food expelled by the
 Photoautotrophic organisms harness energy from the Sun and use stomach into the duodenum. As food enters the stomach, the
it to form the bonds that link carbon atoms together while also food is mixed with stomach secretions to produce a chyme.
producing oxygen as a by-product. e) SMALL INTESTINE- is about 6 meters long and consist of three
 Heterotrophic organisms obtain the high-energy sugars from the parts;
autotrophs by consuming them (digestion), and breaking them a. duodenum
down by respiration to obtain cellular energy b. jejunum
c. ileum
 It is the major site of
digestionand absorption
of food, which
areaccomplished due to
the presenceof a large
surface area.
 Cell modification
includes the microvilli
Digestion and the villi.
-is the Holozoic nutrition in humans ***Not all food is converted into nutrients
 it is the breaking down of food into parts that can be utilized by a) LARGE INTESTINE-
the body. Cecum- located at the beginning of the ascending colon, is the point at
 digestion takes place in the different organs of the Digestive which the small intestine joins the large intestine.
System. Appendix- projecting from the cecum, a small finger-shaped tube that
Basic stages of the digestive process includes; serves no known function.
ingestiondigestionabsorptionelimination In this part, chyme is converted to feces in the colon.
 Feces formation is due to the absorption of water and salts,
undigested materials, the secretion of the mucus, and extensive
INGESTION- is the consumption of solid or liquid food, usually through
action of microorganisms.
the mouth.
DIGESTION- is the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller
molecules that can be absorbed. Digestion occurs through
mechanical and chemical means.
 PARTS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE .
a. Ascending colon b) GALL BLADDER- it stores bile, a thick liquid that is produced
b. Transverse colon by the liver to help us digest fat.
c. Descending colon when we eat, the gall bladder’s thin, muscular lining
d. Sigmoid colon squeezes bile into the small intestine through the
common bile duct.
the more fat we eat, the more bile the gall bladder
injects into the digestive tract.
c) PANCREAS- it makes pancreatic juices called enzymes.
These enzymes break down carbohydrates, fats, and
Accessory organs of digestion proteins. It also make hormones (insulin and
 These organs are not part of the digestive tract, but they glucagon).
have a role in digestive activities. It also helps your body control blood sugar level, and
 They secrete substances needed for the chemical digestion tell your stomach whento empty, and more
of food, but through which food does not actually pass as it
is digested. Peptic ulcer- are caused when the gastric juices (HCl acid and
 Includes; pepsin) digest the mucosal lining of the digestive
a. liver tract. It can occur in the duodenum, stomach, or
b. gall bladder esophagus. It can also due to infection by a
c. pancreas specific bacterium Helicobacter pylori
Heartburn or gastritis- is a painful or burning sensation in the
chest usually associated with an increase in gastric
acid secretion and/or a backflash of acidic chyme
into the esophagus.
Causes:
1. Overeating, Eating fatty foods, Lying down immediately
after meal
2. Consuming too much alcohol or caffeine, smoking
3. Wearing of extremely tight clothing
Functions of the accessory organs of digestion
a) LIVER- it produces bile. BILE is a chemical substance that
helps breakdown fats into energy that our body uses
through the process lipolysis.
It also purifies blood containing newly absorbed
nutrients that are coming from the small intestine
Excretory System

Common diseases of the Excretory system

1) Kidney stone
causes includes; drinking too little water, obesity, weight
loss surgery, eating too sweet and too salty food (junk
foods), and genetics (family history).
2) Urinary tract infection
common cause is an inflammation due to the presence
of bacteria
3) Renal failure
common causes includes secondary to hypertension and
diabetes.
 Filtered wastes are transported into the Urinary bladder via the
Excretory System: Removal of Wastes in the Blood Ureter and are then passed out of the body via the Urethra.
 Wastes in the blood includes;
- excess water
- mineral salts
-metabolic/nitrogenous wastes such as UREA, AMMONIA,
URIC ACID
 KIDNEY- main organ of the Excretory System. Its main function is to
filter wastes from the blood and move them out of the body in the
form of urine.
it is a bean-shaped organ consisting of several nephrons (functional
unit of kidney) – which are composed of filtering
structures and blood vessels.
 Respiratory System

Parts of the Respiratory System

Terms relating to breathing (pnea)

 Apnea- temporary absence of breathing
 Tachypnea- unusual fast and shallow breathing
 Dyspnea- difficulty in breathing
 Bradypnea- slow and deep breathing

 Pulmonary artery is the only artery that carry deoxygenated Disorders of the respiratory system
blood  Hyperventilation- excessive rate and depth of respiration
 Pulmonary vein is the only vein that carry oxygenated blood leading to abnormal loss of carbon dioxide
from the blood.
Function of the Respiratory System it disrupt the blood’s Acid-base balance.
 Oversees gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)  CARBON DIOXIDE
between the blood and external environment - regulate blood pH
 Exchange of gases takes place within the lungs in the alveoli - respiratory drive
( the only site of gas exchange) while other structures acts - affinity of hemoglobin for Oxygen (O2)
as a passageway.  Respiratory Alkalosis
 Passageway to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the
incoming air Other disorders of the Respiratory System
 It shares responsibility with the Cardiovascular System 1. Emphysema- the air sacs of the smoker’s lungs become brittle
and eventually break. Patient experiences breathlessness,
labored breathing and constant fatigue.

2. Asthma- Shortness of breath,coughing, fatigue, increase in

mucus secretion and difficultyIn sleeping.
3. Bronchitis- inflammation of the bronchial tubes due to viralor
bacterial infection.
Symptoms includes sore throat, nasal congestion, cough, chest
pain, yellow or green sputum, and fatigue

Lung infection-
a. Pneumonia- an acute
respiratory infection. Alveoli
 are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful
and limits O2 intake.
b. Tuberculosis- infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis. It is a disease caused by germs that are spread
from person to person through the air.
c. Lung cancer- caused by uncontrolled cell growth that impairs
the healthy cells

Smoking- leading contributor of Respiratory disease

 2nd hand smoke- the inhalation of smoke by another person
other than the source.
 3rd hand smoke- by tobacco smoking the smell of residual
nicotine and other chemicals left on clothes, hair and other
indoor surfaces
 The danger of 3rd hand smoke are more serious than the
2nd hand smoking especially to young children and infants
who can ingest it by crawling on floors or eating using
hands.