Scribd
Upload
194 views

Hydrogen Crack 1

This document discusses hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), which refers to mechanical damage in metals caused by the presence and interaction of hydrogen. There are several types of HIC, including hydrogen blistering, hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen attack, and decarburization. Hydrogen embrittlement specifically results in loss of ductility and catastrophic failure above certain hydrogen concentrations. HIC is known to occur in sour service environments containing hydrogen sulfide. The mechanism of cracking involves hydrogen production through corrosion, diffusion into the metal, trapping in defaults, increasing pressure, and eventual cracking. Factors that influence HIC are environmental acidity and H2S content, as well as metallurgical factors such as microstructure, hardness, and

Uploaded by

murali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
194 views

Hydrogen Crack 1

This document discusses hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), which refers to mechanical damage in metals caused by the presence and interaction of hydrogen. There are several types of HIC, including hydrogen blistering, hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen attack, and decarburization. Hydrogen embrittlement specifically results in loss of ductility and catastrophic failure above certain hydrogen concentrations. HIC is known to occur in sour service environments containing hydrogen sulfide. The mechanism of cracking involves hydrogen production through corrosion, diffusion into the metal, trapping in defaults, increasing pressure, and eventual cracking. Factors that influence HIC are environmental acidity and H2S content, as well as metallurgical factors such as microstructure, hardness, and

Uploaded by

murali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Hydrogen Induced Cracking

Hydrogen Damage
• Refers to mechanical damage of metal
• Caused by the presence/Interaction with
Hydrogen
• Can be classified in to following types
1) Hydrogen Blistering
2) Hydrogen Embrittlement
3) Hydrogen Attack
4) Decarburization
Hydrogen Blistering
• Occurs due to penetration of H2 in to metal
• Results in to local deformation and in extreme
cases, complete destruction of the vessel wall

Acid Electrolyte
H+ H+

H H2 H
H
e e

H
H H2 H
H H

H H2 H
Air Void
Hydrogen Embrittlement
• Caused by the penetration of H2 in to a metal
• loss of ductility - Embrittlement
• Tendency increases with Hydrogen Concentration
• Catastrophic failure occurs if hydrogen
concentration > 6 ppm
• Steels with >= 75 ksi are prone to Hydrogen
Embrittlement
• Steels with >=110 ksi are very much susceptible to
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Hydrogen Embrittlement
• Absorption of hydrogen due to presence of H2 gas
– Hydrogen Stress Cracking
• Absorption of hydrogen due to corrosion reaction –
Stress Corrosion Cracking
• Corrosion due to the presence of H2S --
Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking
Hydrogen Attack & Decarburization
• Elevated temperature phenomenon
• Dissolved Hydrogen diffuses in to steel and reacts
with carbon or carbides to from Methane Bubble
(CH4)
C [Fe] + 4 H [Fe] = CH4
• Formation at surface is known as Surface
decarburization
• Formation within the metal is known as Internal
decarburization
• Initially CH4 forms in micro voids grows to cracks
Hydrogen Attack & Decarburization
• Rate of reaction depends on
(1) Amount of H2
(2) % C in the alloys
(3) Amount of CH4
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
• Step Wise Cracking (Blistering)

• Hydrogen Stress Cracking

• Hydrogen Embrittlement

• Hydrogen Induced Step Wise Cracking

All are known as “Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)”


Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
Mechanism of Cracking
• In the Presence of H2S, the process of cracking
(HIC) can be divided in to 5 stages
1) Corrosion : Hydrogen Production
2) Hydrogen Diffusion
3) Hydrogen trapping in defaults
4) Increasing of pressure
5) Cracking
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
Factors leading to Cracking

Main external Factors:


-Acidity of the environment
-H2S content

• Metallurgical Factors :
-Susceptible Microstructure
-Inclusions in steel ( S, P, As etc)
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
Factors leading to Cracking

• Susceptible Microstructure
-- Hardened micro structure
-- No PWHT

• Inclusions in the steel (Cracking often begins near


inclusions)
-- Sulphide inclusions ( S= 0.001% Max)
-- Oxide Inclusions ( O= 0.002% Max)
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
Summary
• Most serious type of stress corrosion cracking - due
to hydrogen (occurs in sour service)

• Hydrogen usually picked up from sulfide solutions


• Occurs in cathodically protected structures if the
level of protection is too high
• H2S poisons the oxide surface - allows Hydrogen to
diffuse in to steel
• Hardness exceeding 22HRC (appx. 248HV) 
prone to cracking
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
Summary

• Link-up of cracks at different planes to form steps


across the thickness
• Cracks reduce the effective wall thickness
• The term “HIC” has been widely used and adopted
by NACE international
• Several service failures
HIC TESTING
Standard Test ---- HIC
General

• NACE TM 0284 – 96
• Std Test method for evaluating HIC resistance of
pipeline and pressure vessel steels
• Provides results at simulated environment
• No acceptance or rejection criteria
Standard Test ---- HIC
Test Specimens – Pipeline Steels
Standard Test ---- HIC
Test Specimens – Pipeline Steels

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy