“UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT

WORTH LIVING”
- Socrates
 SOCIAL DIMENSION
and
TEACHING PROFESSION
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

• Philosophy comes from the Greek words:

“Philo”- means love

“Sophos” or “Sophia” – means wisdom

IDEALISM (Plato)
• Ideas are the only true reality
• What exist in the mind only
• Existence of ideas independent from the material world
• Ideas are believed to be innate in the individual as these
have been endowed by a perfect being
• Dreams and Values
Examples:
1. Teacher Jane is concerned more on conceptual matters since reality
is mental. She holds this kind of philosophy:

A. Empiricism
B. Realism
C. Idealism
D. Progressivism
Examples:
1. Teacher Jane is concerned more on conceptual matters since reality
is mental. She holds this kind of philosophy:

A. Empiricism
B. Realism
C. Idealism
D. Progressivism
2. If a teacher would say that honesty is still important value even if no
one values it, the teacher can be regarded then as ______.

A. Realist
B. Empiricist
C. Idealist
D. Positivist
2. If a teacher would say that honesty is still important value even if no
one values it, the teacher can be regarded then as ______.

A. Realist
B. Empiricist
C. Idealist
D. Positivist
3. The values education student teaches faith, hope, love and values
which are believed to be permanent values whether they be valued by
people or not. Upon what philosophy is this anchored?

A. Realism
B. Existentialism
C. Idealism
D. Pragmatism
3. The values education student teaches faith, hope, love and values
which are believed to be permanent values whether they be valued by
people or not. Upon what philosophy is this anchored?

A. Realism
B. Existentialism
C. Idealism
D. Pragmatism
REALISM ( ARISTOTLE)
• Reality exists independent on human mind
• Reality is not in the mind but in the external world
• Ultimate reality is the world of physical objects
• Concern with what is real, what is actual
• Truth is objective. What can be observed

John Amos Comenius- Father of Modern Education

John Locke- Father of Empiricism(senses)
Examples:
1. Student Anton pursues a degree in Education to fulfill his dream of
becoming a Teacher. This action demonstrates this kind of philosophy,

A. Progressivism
B. Perennialism
C. Realism
D. Reconstructivism
Examples:
1. Student Anton pursues a degree in Education to fulfill his dream of
becoming a Teacher. This action demonstrates this kind of philosophy,

A. Progressivism
B. Perennialism
C. Realism
D. Reconstructivism
2. A teacher told a student “ Your sickness is not on your mind for you
are really sick; you have a fever and a flu…” this shows that the teacher
adhere what kind of Philosophy?

A. Pragmatism
B. Naturalism
C. Idealism
D. Realism
2. A teacher told a student “ Your sickness is not on your mind for you
are really sick; you have a fever and a flu…” this shows that the teacher
adhere what kind of Philosophy?

A. Pragmatism
B. Naturalism
C. Idealism
D. Realism
EMPIRICISM (JOHN LOCKE)
• Legitimate knowledge arises from what is provided to the mind by the
senses.
• Use of senses
• Sensed-based experience
Example:
In the schools, we teach realities that cannot be verified by the senses
like an invisible God or Allah. Whose beliefs does this practice negate?

A. Empiricist
B. Rationalist
C. Skeptics
D. Stoicists
Example:
In the schools, we teach realities that cannot be verified by the senses
like an invisible God or Allah. Whose beliefs does this practice negate?

A. Empiricist
B. Rationalist
C. Skeptics
D. Stoicists
EXISTENTIALISM (SOREN KIERKEGARD AND
JEAN PAUL SARTRE)
• Reality is subjective, lies within the individual.
• Individuals choice and standards are central; responsibility
• Man’s freedom of in accomplishment of his destiny.
• Unique individual
Examples:
1. “Subject matter should help students understand and appreciate
themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility
for their thoughts, feelings and actions.” from which philosophy is this
thought based?

A. Perennialism
B. Essentialism
C. Existentialism
D. Progressivism
Examples:
1. “Subject matter should help students understand and appreciate
themselves as unique individuals who accept complete responsibility
for their thoughts, feelings and actions.” from which philosophy is this
thought based?

A. Perennialism
B. Essentialism
C. Existentialism
D. Progressivism
2. According to Sartre, “ Existence precedes essence.” teachers who
adhere to this philosophical thought is considered as:

A. Essentialist
B. Behaviorist
C. Existentialist
D. Progressivist
2. According to Sartre, “ Existence precedes essence.” teachers who
adhere to this philosophical thought is considered as:

A. Essentialist
B. Behaviorist
C. Existentialist
D. Progressivist
3. Teacher Cris views his students as a unique, free choosing and
responsible individuals. He encourages them to develop their own
individualities. What philosophy does teacher Chris is adhere to?

A. Humanism
B. Existentialism
C. Reconstructivism
D. Essentialism
3. Teacher Cris views his students as a unique, free choosing and
responsible individuals. He encourages them to develop their own
individualities. What philosophy does teacher Chris is adhere to?

A. Humanism
B. Existentialism
C. Reconstructivism
D. Essentialism
ESSENTIALISM ( WILLIAM BAGLEY)
• Going back to the basics
• Focus on 3Rs ( reading, writing and arithmetic)
• Subject matter is the center of the educational process.
• The teacher is the authority, a master of his or her discipline.
• Teacher-centered or Traditional
Examples:
1. This is the defining feature of essentialism?

A. Existence preceded essence

B. Essence preceded existence
C. Essence is non-existence
D. Existence is non-essence
Examples:
1. This is the defining feature of essentialism?

A. Existence preceded essence

B. Essence preceded existence
C. Essence is non-existence
D. Existence is non-essence
2. Curriculum essence is the back to the basic education.

A. Existentialism
B. Humanism
C. Realism
D. Essentialism
2. Curriculum essence is the back to the basic education.

A. Existentialism
B. Humanism
C. Realism
D. Essentialism
3. Teacher Emmanuel’s philosophy focuses on the acquisition of 3R’s.
his philosophy is rooted in:

A. Behaviorism
B. Existentialism
C. Realism
D. Essentialism
3. Teacher Emmanuel’s philosophy focuses on the acquisition of 3R’s.
his philosophy is rooted in:

A. Behaviorism
B. Existentialism
C. Realism
D. Essentialism
4. Philippines’ Elementary Curriculum emphasizes on the development
of the skill in writing, counting and reading. This manifest the great
consideration given to this philosophy.

A. Naturalism
B. Progressivism
C. Idealism
D. Essentialism
4. Philippines’ Elementary Curriculum emphasizes on the development
of the skill in writing, counting and reading. This manifest the great
consideration given to this philosophy.

A. Naturalism
B. Progressivism
C. Idealism
D. Essentialism
PERENNIALISM (ROBERT HUTCHINS)
• Maintains that education involves confronting the problems and
questions that have challenged people over the centuries. Thus, we
need to study classical tradition of great books.
• Views education based on eternal truths, endless and universal.
• Search for understanding that can be found on great works of
civilization.
• Need to study classical tradition of great books
• Subject- centered heavily in literature, math, languages and history.
• Humanities; Generalist ; NO change
Examples:
1. A curriculum should only include those that have survived the test
of the time and combine the symbols of literature, history and
mathematics. Thus, curriculum like this contains values that are
constant and universal. What philosophy describes this kind of
curriculum?
A. Idealism
B. Perrenialism
C. Humanism
D. essentilism
Examples:
1. A curriculum should only include those that have survived the test
of the time and combine the symbols of literature, history and
mathematics. Thus, curriculum like this contains values that are
constant and universal. What philosophy describes this kind of
curriculum?
A. Idealism
B. Perrenialism
C. Humanism
D. essentilism
2. A school principal emphasizes the importance of the humanities in
the curriculum. To which philosophy does this adhere?

A. Existentialism
B. Essentialism
C. Perennialism
D. Positivism
2. A school principal emphasizes the importance of the humanities in
the curriculum. To which philosophy does this adhere?

A. Existentialism
B. Essentialism
C. Perennialism
D. Positivism
PRAGMATISM (CHARLES SANDERS PIERCE)
• Works in practice
• Change is the essence of reality
• Experimental method and practical consequences

Example:
In recent curricular revision, the humanities are gradually replaced by
technical courses that bear practical consequences. This shows that the
curricular direction is towards?
A. Pragmatism C. Idealism
B. Realism D. Essentialism
PROGRESSIVISM (JOHN DEWEY)
• Education should focus on the whole child.
• Learner is a problem solver who makes meaning through experience
• Learns well with an active interplay with others
• “Learning by doing principle” active participation of the child
• Caters the needs and interest of the child; becoming enlightened and
intelligent citizens of a democratic society.
Examples:
1. Teacher Marie, unlike other teachers in her school. Practices the
non-traditional method of discussing the lessons using not only the
book prescribed by the school as the main source of information
and knowledge. Instead, she went out her way to devise other
means that will help her students to understand better their
lessons. To what philosophy does teacher Marie apply?
A. Progressivism
B. Contructivism
C. Essentialism
D. Realism
Examples:
1. Teacher Marie, unlike other teachers in her school. Practices the
non-traditional method of discussing the lessons using not only the
book prescribed by the school as the main source of information
and knowledge. Instead, she went out her way to devise other
means that will help her students to understand better their
lessons. To what philosophy does teacher Marie apply?
A. Progressivism
B. Contructivism
C. Essentialism
D. Realism
2. Teachers has rich philosophical heritage one which advocates
“learning by doing”. This philosophy roots in?
A. Essentialism
B. Progressivism
C. Perennilaism
D. existentialism
2. Teachers has rich philosophical heritage one which advocates
“learning by doing”. This philosophy roots in?
A. Essentialism
B. Progressivism
C. Perennilaism
D. existentialism
3. Progressivism considers the nature of the child. Which philosophy
does not adhere to this?
A. Pragmatism
B. Essentialism
C. Idealism
D. Realism
3. Progressivism considers the nature of the child. Which philosophy
does not adhere to this?
A. Pragmatism
B. Essentialism
C. Idealism
D. Realism
BEHAVIORISM (JOHN B. WATSON)
• A behavior can be best explained in terms of responses to external
stimuli.
• Education can be achieved by modifying or changing student
behaviors in socially acceptable manner through the arrangements of
conditions of learning
• Human beings are shaped by their environment
• Rewards and reinforcement
Examples:
1. Teacher A said that the learner is the product of his environment,
sometimes he has no choice. He is determined by his environment.
Teacher A believes in what philosophy?
A. Behaviorism
B. Essentialism
C. Existentialism
D. Empericism
Examples:
1. Teacher A said that the learner is the product of his environment,
sometimes he has no choice. He is determined by his environment.
Teacher A believes in what philosophy?
A. Behaviorism
B. Essentialism
C. Existentialism
D. Empericism
2. Giving of rewards and reinforcements are the primary technique of
this philosophical point of view.

A. Existentialism
B. Behaviorism
C. Perennialism
D. Progresivism
2. Giving of rewards and reinforcements are the primary technique of
this philosophical point of view.

A. Existentialism
B. Behaviorism
C. Perennialism
D. Progresivism
3. S-R theory has deep roots in this philosophy

A. Perenialism
B. Behaviorism
C. Existentialism
D. Essentialism
3. S-R theory has deep roots in this philosophy

A. Perenialism
B. Behaviorism
C. Existentialism
D. Essentialism
RECONSTRUCTIVISM (GEORGE COUNTS &
HAROLD RUGG)

• Students are encouraged to become involved in the problems

whether political, social or economical that confront the society and
be able to arrive at solutions in order to reconstruct society.
Examples:
1. __________ claims that reality is politically, socially and
economically formed.
A. Progressivist
B. Pragmatist
C. Realist
D. Reconstructivist
Examples:
1. __________ claims that reality is politically, socially and
economically formed.
A. Progressivist
B. Pragmatist
C. Realist
D. Reconstructivist
2. In line with the philosophy of Reconstructivism, which of the
following should be given emphasis in teaching?

A. To seek for a better position in the society

B. To compare oneself to the less fortunate
C. To become economically self-reliant
D. To designate one’s superiority over others
2. In line with the philosophy of Reconstructivism, which of the
following should be given emphasis in teaching?

A. To seek for a better position in the society

B. To compare oneself to the less fortunate
C. To become economically self-reliant
D. To designate one’s superiority over others
HEDONISM- Pleasure is the only good thing to the person

EPICUREANISM- a form of ancient HEDONISM – pleasure is

attainable only by REASON.

STOICISM- if there are dificulties, you have to patiently accept

them and endure them
 QUIZ
(PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION)
 PILLARS OF LEARNING
•LEARNING TO KNOW
•LEARNING TO DO
•LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER
•LEARNING TO BE
LEARNING TO KNOW
• includes the development of the faculties of memory, imagination,
reasoning and problem solving
• learning to learn skills
• a process of “discovery”
• focuses on specialization required of every individual
LEARNING TO DO
• this pillar of learning implies in the first place for application of what
learners have learned or known into practices.
• it is closely linked to vocational-technical education and working skills
training.
• learning to do thus implies a shift from skill to competence, or a mix
of higher-order skills specific to each individual.
LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER

•it implies an education taking two

complementary paths: on one level,
discovery of others and on another,
experience of shared purposes throughout
life.
Specifically it implies the development of such
qualities as:
- knowledge and understanding of self and others
- appreciation of the diversity of the human race
- awareness of the similarities between, and the
interdependence of all humans.
- empathy and cooperative social behavior in
caring and sharing
- respect of other people and their cultures
and value systems;
-capability of encountering others and
resolving conflicts through dialogue
(communication) and;
- competency in working towards common
objectives
LEARNING TO BE
• learning to be may therefore be interpreted in
one way as learning to be human, learn more
about themselves
• Aimed at wholistic development of individuals
(all aspects)
• through acquisition of knowledge, skills and
values conducive to personality development in
its intellectual, moral, cultural and physical
conditions.
 QUIZ
(PILLARS OF LEARNING)
DEVELOPMENT OF PHILIPPINE EDUCATION

SPANISH PERIOD

AMERICAN PERIOD

JAPANESE PERIOD
SPANISH PERIOD
3 G'S
 EDUCATION OF THE FILIPINO WAS MAINLY
LEARNING THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE.
 VERNACULAR
MONASTERY PERIOD- CATHEDRAL SCHOOL
EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863- PENNED BY
MINISTER JOSE DE LA CONCHA.
ORDER OF SPANISH MISSIONARIES
R.A NO. 1870 - Created the UNIVERSITY OF THE
PHILIPPINES
- IN 1925, THE MONROE SURVEY COMMISSION
WAS CREATED TO EVALUATE THE ENTIRE SCHOOL
SYSTEM THE AMERICANS SET UP.
-NCCA (National Commission on Culture and
Arts)
-PSC (Philippine Sports Commission)
AMERICAN PERIOD
PUBLIC SCHOOLS
IN MARCH 1900 THE OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC
INSTRUCTION was created with Capt. Albert Todd as the General
superintendent of schools.
 Three levels of Schools:
1st- 4 years primary and 3 years intermediate
2nd- 4 years (high school)
3rd- two year junior college and later a four-year program.
JAPANESE PERIOD
Teaching Tagalog, Philippine History and Character
Education was reserved for Filipinos
Love for work and dignity of labor was emphasized

BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 232 created the Ministry

of Education Culture and Sports which later
became Department of Education Culture and
Sports in 1987 by virtue of Executive Order No.
117 (remain unchanged until 1994).
TRIFOCALIZED SYSTEM OF EDUCATION
•BASIC EDUCATION (R.A 9155)
•CHED (R.A 7722)
•TESDA (R.A 7796)

IN AUGUST 2OO1, REPUBLIC ACT 9155

(GOVERNMENT OF BASIC EDUCATION ACT) - DECS
transformed to DEPED