Fungi (jamur, cendawan)

Ciri-ciri:
 Tidak berklorofil : tidak berfotosintesis
 Tubuhnya mempunyai benang-benang
hifa
 Perkembangbiakan : vegetatif : dengan
spora, generatif, dengan isogami,
anisogami, oogami, gametangiogami dan
somatogami
 Hidup secara heterotrof sebagai saprofit
atau parasit
 Jarang hidup di air, kebanyakan di
daratan.

KRT-2010 1
Funguslike Protist

Cellular Slime molds

KRT-2010 2
Water Molds

KRT-2010 3
 THERE’S FUNGUS AMONG US

 Look into the eye.

 Look deep into the eye.

 There are no such things as molds.

– All molds are actually fungi.

KRT-2010 4
 That's a bunch of fungus.

 Thatis a bit surprising. We had

always heard about mold in the
shower or mold on the bread.

KRT-2010 5
 . Mold is actually a type of fungus.
 It has a shape called a zygote to be
exact. While yeasts are single celled
fungi, molds are multicellular fungi
 Bread takes one kind of fungus
(yeast) to make it rise.
 If you leave the bread out, another
type of fungus comes in (bread
mold) to break it down. It's not
amazing, but it's true.
KRT-2010 6
Let's look at Club Fungi
Mushrooms!

KRT-2010 7
 So what is a mushroom exactly?
It is bunches of strands living
underground called hyphae
(pronounced hi-fah). Those strands
are the basic fungus in action,
decomposing leaves, or rotting bark
on the ground.

KRT-2010 8
 When it's time to reproduce, they
develop a stalk and cap,the mushroom
that you see popping out of the ground.

KRT-2010 9
It'sonly one part of the
fungus. On the bottom of that
cap are a set of gills that
have little clubs with fungus
spores.

KRT-2010 10
 When your bread gets old and green
or black, you are seeing a type of
zygote fungus in action. If you wait
long enough, you will see the stalks
develop and the zygotes released.

KRT-2010 11
Fungi
 Heterotrophic – they
cannot make their
own food molecules
 Some like mycorrhizae
absorb essential
minerals from the soil
needed by plants
 About 80% of plant
disease is caused by
fungi which are
parasites
 Many decompose
organic matter

KRT-2010 12
Fungi absorb food after digesting it
outside their bodies
 Secrete powerful enzymes that
digest their food externally then
absorb the nutrient molecules
 Multicellular except yeast
 Mycelium is a feeding network of
hyphae
 Mushroom is just the above
ground reproductive structure of
a much more extensive
underground mycelium
 Not celllulose cell walls, but chitin
which is a polymer of a nitrogen-
containing sugar
 No flagellated cells in their life
cycle

KRT-2010 13
KRT-2010 14
Mycorrhizae are symbiotic / mutual fungi on roots

Mycorrhizae:
a) increase surface area of roots
b) produce antibiotics to ward off
competing plants
c) Are specie specific to plants
d) Helped plants evolve on land
e) Seeds exposed to fungi spores
grow better

The plant provides carbohydrates

to the fungus

KRT-2010 15
 ,

I am not mold !
I am not rotting you!
I am Mycorrhizae,
I am a fun guy

KRT-2010 16
Fungi have enormous ecological
impact
 Decomposers and
recyclers of organic
matter
 Used to ripen cheese
 Yeasts used in baking,
brewing and
winemaking
 Produce antibiotics
 As well as the
mutualistic partners in
mycorrhizae and
lichens

KRT-2010 17
 YEAST
Yeast is used to make several types of
food for humans. We need yeast to
make breads. We also use them to
make alcohol. It's a whole process
called fermentation.

KRT-2010 18
 Some fungi are beneficial.
 Sugars are broken down in an
environment without oxygen. It's
called anaerobic fermentation. And
voila, alcohol. Even though they are
single celled, you may find them in
colonies. They reproduce very
quickly and hang out together. It
takes a lot of them (because they
are so small) to get a lot of work
done
KRT-2010 19
Parasitic fungi

 Corn smut, Dutch elm

disease and botrytis
 Some of the fungi that
attach food crops are
toxic to humans
 LSD is from the toxin
in ergots in grain
crops
 Mycosis – fungal
infection (ringworm,
athlete’s foot, vaginal
yeast infections)

KRT-2010 20
 Antibiotics
 one of the first antibiotics was called
penicillin. It was developed from a
fungus (a fungus named Penicillium
found on an orange, to be exact).

KRT-2010 21
 Classification of the plants we will cover in this course.

Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms: Angiosperms:

(mosses, Ferns and Conifers, Flowering
liverworts) allies cycads etc plants

Mesozoic
120MYBP

Carboniferous
350MYBP
Seeds
Devonian
400MYBP Vascular tissues (tracheids or derivatives)
KRT-2010 22
 Nonvascular Plants
 Bryophytes

 Fewer than 19,000

species
 Three groups
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
KRT-2010 23
Bryophytes
 Includes mosses
 Have a cuticle and
embryos retained on
the parent plant
 Lack vascular tissue,
but some have water-
conducting tubes
 Lack internal support
 Plants grow in a tight
pack holding each
other up
 Flagellated sperm
must swim

KRT-2010 24
 Bryophytes

 Small, nonvascular,
nonwooody
 Gametophyte dominates life
cycle; has leaflike, stemlike,
and rootlike parts
 Usually live in wet habitats

 Flagellated sperm require

water to reach eggs
KRT-2010 25
Tumbuhan lumut (Bryophyta)
merupakan sekumpulan tumbuhan kecil yang termasuk
dalam divisio Bryophyta (dari bahasa Yunani bryum,
"lumut").

Tumbuhan ini tingkatannya lebih tinggi dari Thallophyta

dengan habitus yang ber-macam2.
- Warna hijau 9klorofil a dan b)
- Selnya berdinding terdiri dari selulosa
- Alat kelamin terdiri atas anteridium dan arkegonium
- Terdiri dari lumut daun (musci) dan lumut hati (hepaticae)
 organ penyerap haranya adalah rizoid (: "serupa akar").
Daun tumbuhan lumut dapat berfotosintesis. Tumbuhan
lumut merupakan tumbuhan pelopor, yang tumbuh di
suatu tempat sebelum tumbuhan lain mampu tumbuh.

KRT-2010 26
 Vascular Plants
 Majority of plants
 Have internal tissues that carry
water and solutes
 Two groups
– Seedless vascular plants
– Seed-bearing vascular plants

KRT-2010 27
 Seedless Vascular Plants
 Arose during the Devonian
 Produce spores but no seeds

 Four main groups

Whisk ferns
Lycophytes
Horsetails
Ferns

KRT-2010 28
Seedless vascular plants
 Includes ferns
 Well-developed roots
and rigid stems
 Flagellated sperm that
require water to reach
eggs
 In many species the
leaves sprout from
stems that grow along
the ground
(fiddleheads)

KRT-2010 29
Seedless Vascular Plants
 Like bryophytes
– Live in wet, humid places
– Require water for
fertilization
 Unlike bryophytes
– Sporophyte is free-living
and has vascular tissues

KRT-2010 30
Seedless Vascular Plants
Lycophytes
(Lycophyta)
Whisk ferns
(Psilophyta)
Horsetails
(Sphenophyta)
Ferns (Pterophyta)
KRT-2010 31
 Pteridophytes: ferns, horsetails,
club mosses and allies.
Pteridophytes are the group of plants which first (as far as we can tell…)
developed the tracheid cells which permit stems to rise high above any
water supply, and as such were the first colonists of dry land, at least 400
MYBP. We have a good fossil record of them (in fact our industry has
depended on burning this fossil record since the inception of the
industrial revolution!). The facets which fossilise show that apart from
the extinction of the giant forms, this group has changed little since the
Devonian.

Like mosses these plants have two genetically distinct phases in their life
cycle, but here the dominant phase is the sporophyte, the familiar fern
leaves etc.
KRT-2010 32
 Ferns
These are ancient but still successful forms, in which the spore-bearing
stage is very familiar. Bracken Pteridium aquilinum is one of the most
widespread and pernicious weeds on the planet! We still have tree ferns,
native to Gondwanaland (Australasia, South America, Africa) but now
widely planted in tropical, subtropical and frost-free temperate areas. In
all cases spores are shed from the underside of the leaves (fronds).

Bracken Pteridium aquilinum

A tree fern Dicksonia antarctica

KRT-2010 33
 Ferns (Pterophyta)
 12,000 species, mostly tropical
 Most common sporophyte structure
– Perennial underground stem (rhizome)
– Roots and fronds arise from rhizome
– Young fronds are coiled “fiddleheads”
– Mature fronds divided into leaflets
– Spores form on lower surface of some
fronds

KRT-2010 34
 Fern Life Cycle

Sporophyte still attached

to gametophyte

sorus
zygote rhizome
Diploid Stage
fertilization meiosis
Haploid Stage Spores
Spores develop are
egg
released

sperm
Figure 23.9 mature
KRT-2010 35
Page 391 gametophyte Spore germinates
Horsetails (Sphenophyta): Equisetacea
These plants are every-day miracles.
There are only about 15 species in the
world, all in the genus Equisetum. It has
changed hardly at all since the
carboniferous period. I know of a
Carboniferous site in Yorkshire where
one can find 2m high horsetails still
standing, fossilised in a cliff, looking
exactly like living forms (only rather
bigger, though giant horsetail E.
telmateia can grow nearly this tall).
Also known as Lego plants, because the
stems comes apart at the nodes.

KRT-2010 36
Horsetails, contd. The needle-like leaves are reinforced
with silica, and have been used as pan
scrubs. Few animals find them
palatable.
For all their ancientness and oddity they
are a serious weed, with immensely
deep root systems and an ability to
shrug off herbicides.
Gardeners’ Question Time (BBC)
advice on how to respond to horsetails
in your garden
Sell your house, in winter when the
stems aren’t visible.

KRT-2010 37
 Club mosses
(Lycophyta):
Lycopodiacea
These rather nondescript crawling
plants are nowadays confined to a
minor role in northern forests on acid
soils. Present in the UK but easily
overlooked. The sole survivors of a
large group including vast forest-
forming trees in the carboniferous, the
first terrestrial forests. The have a
vascular system, and always one vein
running along the leaf axis.

KRT-2010 38
Pteridophyta / Filicophyta (Tumbuhan paku / paku-pakuan
)
Daur hidup (metagenesis) :
- Daur hidup tumbuhan paku : pergiliran keturunan, yang terdiri dari dua
fase utama:gametofit dan sporofit. Tumbuhan paku yang mudah kita
lihat merupakan bentuk fase sporofit karena menghasilkan spora.
Bentuk generasi fase gametofit dinamakan protalus (prothallus) atau
protalium (prothallium), yang berwujud tumbuhan kecil berupa
lembaran berwarna hijau, mirip lumut hati, tidak berakar (tetapi
memiliki rizoid sebagai penggantinya), tidak berbatang, tidak berdaun.
- Prothallium tumbuh dari spora yang jatuh di tempat yang lembab. Dari
prothallium berkembang anteridium (antheridium, organ penghasil
spermatozoid atau sel kelamin jantan) dan arkegonium
(archegonium, organ penghasil ovum atau sel telur). Pembuahan
mutlak memerlukan bantuan air sebagai media spermatozoid
berpindah menuju archegonium.
- Ovum yang terbuahi berkembang menjadi zigot, yang tumbuh menjadi
tumbuhan paku Setelah terjadi pembuahan (zigot berkembang),
protalium hilang
KRT-2010 39
Morfologi

- Akar yang tumbuh pertama tidak dominan, disusul akar

lain yang tumbuh dari batang
- Batang bercabang, menggarpu
- Dapat berbentuk semak , pohon sampai beberapa meter.
- Ukuran daun bervariasi sampai 6 m;pada umumnya
berdaun majemuk;” tipe daun kecil, tidak bertangkai dan
hanya mempunyai satu tulang daun, tersusun rapat
menurut garis spiral (Lycopsida=paku kawat)”.

Perkembangbiakan : vegetatif : spora

- Sporangium dan spora terdapat pada daun-daun khusus :
sporofil (sering terkumpul membentuk alat yang
menyerupai bunga pada Spermatophyta).

KRT-2010 40
Berdasarkan klasifikasi baru (Smith et al., 2006),
tumbuhan paku dapat dikelompokkan sebagai
berikut:

Divisio: Lycophyta dengan satu kelas: Lycopsida.

Divisio: Pteridophyta dengan empat kelas :

 Psilotopsida, mencakup Ophioglossales.

 Equisetopsida
 Marattiopsida
 Polypodiopsida (=Pteridopsida, Filicopsida)

KRT-2010 41
Kelas Psilotopsida
Bangsa Ophioglossales
Suku Ophioglossaceae (termasuk Botrychiaceae,
Helminthostachyaceae)
Bangsa Psilotales
Suku Psilotaceae (termasuk Tmesipteridaceae)
Kelas Equisetopsida [=Sphenopsida]
Bangsa Equisetales
Suku Equisetaceae
Kelas Marattiopsida
Bangsa Marattiales
Suku Marattiaceae (termasuk Angiopteridaceae, Christenseniaceae,
Danaeaceae, Kaulfussiaceae)
Kelas Polypodiopsida [=Filicopsida, Pteridopsida]
Bangsa Osmundales
Suku Osmundaceae
Bangsa Hymenophyllales
Suku Hymenophyllaceae (termasuk Trichomanaceae)
Bangsa Gleicheniales
Suku Gleicheniaceae (termasuk Dicranopteridaceae,
Stromatopteridaceae)
Suku Dipteridaceae (termasuk Cheiropleuriaceae)
Suku Matoniaceae KRT-2010 42
Bangsa Schizaeales
Suku Lygodiaceae
Suku Anemiaceae (termasuk Mohriaceae)
Suku Schizaeaceae
Bangsa Salviniales
Suku Marsileaceae (termasuk Pilulariaceae)
Suku Salviniaceae (termasuk Azollaceae)
Bangsa Cyatheales
Suku Thyrsopteridaceae
Suku Loxomataceae
Suku Culcitaceae
Suku Plagiogyriaceae
Suku Cibotiaceae
Suku Cyatheaceae (termasuk Alsophilaceae,
Hymenophyllopsidaceae)
Suku Dicksoniaceae (termasuk Lophosoriaceae)
Suku Metaxyaceae
Bangsa Polypodiales
Suku Lindsaeaceae (termasuk Cystodiaceae,
Lonchitidaceae)
Suku Saccolomataceae
Suku Dennstaedtiaceae (termasuk Hypolepidaceae,
Monachosoraceae, Pteridiaceae)
KRT-2010 43
Suku Pteridaceae (termasuk Acrostichaceae,
Actiniopteridaceae, Adiantaceae, Anopteraceae,
Antrophyaceae, Ceratopteridaceae, Cheilanthaceae,
Cryptogrammaceae, Hemionitidaceae,
Negripteridaceae, Parkeriaceae, Platyzomataceae,
Sinopteridaceae, Taenitidaceae, Vittariaceae)
Suku Aspleniaceae
Suku Thelypteridaceae
Suku Woodsiaceae (termasuk Athyriaceae,
Cystopteridaceae)
Suku Blechnaceae (termasuk Stenochlaenaceae)
Suku Onocleaceae
Suku Dryopteridaceae (termasuk Aspidiaceae,
Bolbitidaceae, Elaphoglossaceae, Hypodematiaceae,
Peranemataceae)
Suku Lomariopsidaceae (termasuk Nephrolepidaceae

KRT-2010 44
Suku Tectariaceae
Suku Oleandraceae
Suku Davalliaceae
Suku Polypodiaceae (termasuk Drynariaceae,
Grammitidaceae, Gymnogrammitidaceae,
Loxogrammaceae, Platyceriaceae,
Pleurisoriopsidaceae)

KRT-2010 45
Seed-Bearing Vascular Plants
 Gymnosperms arose
first
– Cycads
– Ginkgos
– Gnetophytes
– Conifers
 Angiosperms arose later
– Monocots
– Dicots

KRT-2010 46
 Evolutionary Trend
Figure 23.2
zygote Page 386

KRT-2010 47
GREEN ALGA BRYOPHYTE FERN GYMNOSPERM ANGIOSPERM
 Traits of
Seed-Bearing Plants

 Pollen grains
– Arise from megaspores
– Develop into male gametophytes
– Can be transported without water
 Seeds
– Embryo sporophyte inside nutritive
tissues and a protective coat
– Can withstand hostile conditions

KRT-2010 48
 Rise of Seed-Bearing Plants
 Seeds appeared about 360 million
years ago
 Seed ferns and gymnosperms
were dominant at first
 Angiosperms arose later

KRT-2010 49
 Carboniferous
 Giant lycophytes and horsetails

 Sea level rose and fell repeatedly

 Remains of swamp forests were

repeatedly submerged and
compressed

 Formation of coal

KRT-2010 50
 Seed-Bearing Plants
 Microspores that give rise to
pollen grains
 Megaspores inside ovules
 More water-conserving than
seedless vascular plants

KRT-2010 51
 SPERMATOPHYTA
-Tingkat perkembangan yang paling tinggi
-Telah menghasilkan biji: tumbuhan berbiji
(Spermatophyta)
-Biji berasal dari bunga : Tumbuhan Berbunga (Anthophyta)
-Dibagi menjadi 2 sub divisi: tumbuhan berbiji telanjang
(Gymnospermae) dan berbiji tertutup = bakal biji terbungkus
oleh karpela/daun buah (Angiospermae)
- Angiospermae terdiri dari dua kelas : Dicotyledoneae
(tumbuhan biji belah/memiliki dua daun lembaga) dan
Monocotyledoneae ( mempunyai satu daun lembaga)

KRT-2010 52
- Kesepakatan umum tentang bagaimana tumbuhan
berbunga dikelompokkan mulai tercapai sejak hasil
"Angiosperm Phylogeny Group" (APG) dikeluarkan pada
tahun 1998 dan diperbaharui (update) pada tahun 2003
sebagai Sistem Klasifikasi APG II.
- Jenisnya diperkirakan berkisar antara 250 000 hingga
400 000 yang dikelompokkan menjadi 462 suku/famili
(APG, 1998).
- Dari keseluruhan spesies: monokotil = 23%
dikotil= 75%.

KRT-2010 53
Sepuluh besar suku tumbuhan menurut banyaknya jenis
adalah sebagai berikut:
Asteraceae atau Compositae (suku kenikir-kenikiran): 23.600
jenis
Orchidaceae (suku anggrek-anggrekan): 21.950
Fabaceae atau Leguminosae (suku polong-polongan): 19.400
Rubiaceae (suku kopi-kopian): 13.183
Poaceae, Glumiflorae, atau Gramineae (suku rumput-
rumputan): 10.035
Lamiaceae atau Labiatae (suku nilam-nilaman): 7.173
Euphorbiaceae (suku kastuba-kastubaan): 5.735
Cyperaceae (suku teki-tekian): 4.350
Malvaceae (suku kapas-kapasan): 4.225
Araceae (suku talas-talasan): 4.025
Orchidaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae dan Araceae adalah
monokotil.
KRT-2010 54
Kesepuluh suku di atas mencakup beragam jenis
tumbuhan penting dalam kehidupan manusia, baik
dalam bidang pertanian, kehutanan maupun industri.

Suku rumput-rumputan jelas merupakan suku terpenting

karena menghasilkan berbagai sumber energi pangan
bagi manusia dan ternak dari padi, gandum, jagung,
juwawut, tebu, serta sorgum. Suku polong-polongan
menempati tempat terpenting kedua, sebagai sumber
protein nabati dan sayuran utama dan berbagai peran
budaya lain (kayu, pewarna, dan racun). Suku nilam-
nilaman beranggotakan banyak tumbuhan penghasil
minyak atsiri dan bahan obat-obatan.

KRT-2010 55
Beberapa suku penting lainnya dalam kehidupan manusia adalah:
- Solanaceae (suku terong-terongan), sebagai sumber pangan
penting terutama sayuran
- Cucurbitaceae (suku labu-labuan), sebagai sumber sayuran
penting
- Brassicaceae atau Cruciferae (suku sawi-sawian), sebagai
sumber sayuran dan minyak pangan penting
- Alliaceae (suku bawang-bawangan), sebagai sumber sayuran
bumbu penting
- Piperaceae (suku sirih-sirihan), sebagai sumber rempah-rempah
penting.
- Arecaceae atau Palmae (suku pinang-pinangan), sebagai
pendukung kehidupan penting masyarakat agraris daerah
tropika
- Rutaceae (suku jeruk-jerukan), Rosaceae (suku mawar-
mawaran), dan Myrtaceae (suku jambu-jambuan) banyak
menghasilkan buah-buahan penting. -
KRT-2010 56
Tumbuhan berbunga juga menjadi pemasok
sumberdaya alam dalam bentuk kayu, kertas,
serat (misalnya kapas, kapuk, and henep,
serat manila), obat-obatan (digitalis, kamfer),
tumbuhan hias (ruangan maupun terbuka), dan
berbagai daftar panjang kegunaan lain.

KRT-2010 57
Gymnosperms
 Naked seed
because it isn’t
produced in a
specialized
chamber
 Conifers – pine,
spruce, and fir are
the largest group

KRT-2010 58
 Gymnosperms
This group contains many well-known plants, including all
coniferous trees (pines, larch, spruce etc), yews and allies, along
with other ‘living fossils’ the cycads, plus a few simple plain
oddities thrown in to keep botanists happy.

Gymnosperm means ‘naked seed’, and indeed in this group the

fertilised seed protrudes from the cone/aril. They have apparently
lost the sporophyte generation (but see later), and are now trees
which shed viable seed that germinates to make a new tree – the
pattern of seed germination which we are familiar with. They have
tracheids allowing water to be sucked to great heights: the this
group contains probably the largest (Sequoia) and oldest
(Bristlecone pine, Pinus aristata) organisms in the world.

KRT-2010 59
 Gymnosperms
 Plants with “naked seeds”
 Seeds don’t form inside an
ovary
 Four groups
Conifers Ginkgos
Cycads Gnetophytes

KRT-2010 60
 Conifer Characteristics
 Widest known, largest number of
living species
 Woody trees or shrubs
 Most are evergreen
 Bear seeds on exposed cone scales
 Most produce woody cones

KRT-2010 61
 Most people know one group of gymnosperms;
Conifers the conifers. Literally the cone bearers – these
are pines, spruces, larches, firs etc.

Cones – correctly stobili (1

strobilus) are sexual organs
either shedding pollen (male
cones) or bearing ovaries,
awaiting fertilisation by wind-
blown pollen (female cones).
Female pine cone In fact all gymnosperms, plus male pine cone
lycoods, have similar
structures. You will meet the
terms microsporangia (pollen-
producing organs) and
megasporangia (egg producing
organs).
KRT-2010 62
 Cycads
 Most diverse during
age of dinosaurs
 Only 100 living
species
 Palmlike appearance

 Pollen-bearing and
seed-bearing cones
on different plants Do not
post on
Internet
Figure 23.14e Strobilus of a “female” cycad
KRT-2010 63
Page 394
 These plants look rather like stunted palms, or possibly
Cycads rather tough tree ferns, but are neither. They are
gymnosperms that have changed little since the Jurassic
period, when they were dominant land cover and
presumably staple food for herbivorous dinosaurs.

Now they are thinly scattered in tropical areas, some

highly endangered.

Males and females plants are separate, using a wind-

dispersed pollen to fertilise their cones. The male
gamete is notable for using cilia to swim towards the
egg (the ‘highest’ occurrence of cilia in the plant
kingdom).
Some cycads fix atmospheric nitrogen using a
symbiosis with blue-green algae living in their stems
and roots.
KRT-2010 64
 Ginkgos

 Diverse during
age of dinosaurs Do not
post

 One surviving
photos
on
Internet
species, Ginkgo
biloba
 Deciduous trees
are male or
female

KRT-2010
Fig. 65
23.15
 Ginkgo biloba – the wonderful
discovery
People had since the early days of fossil hunting been recovering
well-preserved fossil leaves from Ancient (Jurassic and earlier)
which looked like an unrolled pine needle. No living plant matched
this pattern.

Then in 1691 the German Engelbert Kaempfer discovered strange

trees with exactly this unfamiliar leaf form in Japan, cultivated in
temple gardens. They proved to be living specimens of Ginkgo, one
male and one female. Thankfully their seed was fertile, and has
now been widely propagated. The oldest in the UK is in Oxford
botanic gardens (pruned and now rather small for its age). Generally
males are planted as the female flower is rather sticky and smelly.
(Sex is coded by an X-Y chromosome system, as in mammals).
KRT-2010 66
 3 Genera of Gnetophytes

 Gnetum

 Welwitschia

 Ephedra Do not
post on
Internet

Sporophyte of Ephedra

Figure 23.16a
KRT-2010 67
Page 395
 Welwitschia mirabilis
This is certainly one of the strangest plants in the world, whose
classification inside the gymnosperms has long been assumed but is
confirmed by DNA analyses.

It lives only in the Namib desert, South Africa, in a region where

rain never falls. Instead it relies on the mist that condenses in
coastal regions where cold currents from the southern oceans well
up against the desert.

Welwitschia has only 2 leaves, long strap-like ones that grow

perpetually from their base while the ends become frayed and tatty.
It is dioecious.

KRT-2010 68
 Pine Cones
 Woody scales of a “pine cone”
are the parts where megaspores
formed and developed into
female gametophytes
 Male cones, where microspores
and pollen are produced, are not
woody

KRT-2010 69
 section
through one
surface view of one cone scale ovule
(houses two ovules)
Pine Life Cycle ovule

surface view of one cone scale

(houses a pollen-producing sac)

mature
sporophyte seed section through a
coat pollen-producing sac
zygote
seeding embryo Diploid
seed fertilization meiosis
pollen tube
Haploid
microspores
sperm- eggs form
megaspores
producing cell pollination form
female
gametophyte
Figure 23.17
KRT-2010 70
Page 396
 Conifer Distribution
 Reproduce more slowly than
angiosperms; at competitive
disadvantage in many habitats

 Still
dominate in far north, at
higher elevations, and in certain
parts of southern hemisphere

KRT-2010 71
Angiosperms

 Flowering plants

KRT-2010 72
 Angiosperms
 Flowering plants
 Dominant land plants (260,000
species)
 Ovulesand (after fertilization)
seeds are enclosed in an ovary
 Three
main groups: magnoliids,
monocots, and eudicots

KRT-2010 73
 Angiosperm Evolutionary Tree

water star
Amborella lilies anise magnoliids monocots eudicots

basal groups Figure 23.19a

KRT-2010 74
Page 398
 Double Fertilization
 Distinctive feature of angiosperms

 Malegametocyte delivers two

sperm to an ovule

 One fertilizes egg; other fertilizes a

cell that gives rise to endosperm

KRT-2010 75
 sporophyte

Flowering
Plant Life Double fertilization
Diploid
Meiosis Meiosis
Haploid
Cycle mitosis
without
microspores
pollination cytoplasmic
division

two
sperm
enter
ovule
Figure 23.20
KRT-2010 female gametophyte 76
Page 399
 Angiosperms: Monocotyledons
and Dicotyledons
Flowering plants (phylum Anthophyta) come in two fundamentally
different ‘designs’ or classes, known as the Monocotyledons and
Dicotyledons. Or Monocots and Dicots in botanical jargon.

Formally these are defined by the number of seed leaves, or

cotyledons, that emerge when the seed 1st germinates. In
Monocotyledons it is 1, in Dicotyledons it is 2. Coinciding with
this are a series of other characteristics which are so consistent that
everyone seemed happy that these are monophyletic groups,
splitting from the gymnosperms about 130 MYBP (early
Cretaceous).
KRT-2010 77
 Angiosperm Classes: Monocots vs. Dicots

Characteristic Monocot Dicot

Flower parts Usually in threes, or Usually in fours or

multiples of threes fives

Cotyledons One Two

Leaf venation Usually parallel Usually netlike

Primary vascular Complex arrangement In a ring

bundles in stem

True secondary growth Absent Commonly

with vascular cambium present

KRT-2010 78
 Monocotyledons

This truly monophyletic group contains all

grasses, sedges, rushes, bamboo etc. Orchids.
Pineapples and allies (the bromeliads). Lilies,
and their succulent relatives Aloes. Few trees
but including bananas and palms.

KRT-2010 79
 Dicotyledons. Actually the
eudicotyledons plus a few others…
It is here that I have to confess to a certain
oversimplification. Neat though the division was, recent
(late 1990s) DNA work has shown that the group known
as ‘Dicots’ consists of 4 groups, all as unrelated to each
other as they are to the monocots. Fortunately, virtually
all the ones you are likely to meet are in a good
monophyletic group, now called the Eudicotyledons.

(Sometimes DNA research makes a good simple system

needlessly complicated..)
KRT-2010 80
 Eudicotyledons

Here we have most

gardens flowers, all
herbs, cacti, climbers,
and most trees.

KRT-2010 81
 People and Plants
 Plant
domestication began about
11,000 years ago

 About3,000 species have been

used as food

 Now about 200 plants are major

crops

KRT-2010 82
Nonfood Uses of Plants
 Lumber, paper, and fuel
 Furniture

 Rope

 Thatched roofing
 Natural insecticides
 Drugs

KRT-2010 83
 Plants of Abuse
 Tobacco plants are Nicotiana sp.
 Cannabis sativa is source of
marijuana
 Coca leaves are used to produce
cocaine
 Toxic plant alkaloids, such as
henbane and belladona, have been
used as poisons and as medicine

KRT-2010 84
KRT-2010 85