CHAP 6 FINITE ELEMENTS

FOR PLANE SOLIDS

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

Nam-Ho Kim
Audio: Raphael T. Haftka

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 INTRODUCTION
• Plane Solids
– All engineering problems are 3-D. It is the engineer who
approximates the problem using 1-D (beam or truss) or 2-
D (plane stress or strain).
– Stress and strain are either zero or constant in the
direction of the thickness.
– System of coupled second-order partial differential
equation
– Plane stress and plane strain: different constraints
imposed in the thickness direction
– Plane stress: zero stresses in the thickness direction (thin
plate with in-plane forces)
– Plane strain: zero strains in the thickness direction (thick
solid with constant thickness, gun barrel)
– Main variables: u (x-displacement) and v (y-displacement) 2
 GOVERNING EQUATIONS
 yy y
dy

• Governing D.E. (equilibrium) 2

  xx xy  yx y
dy

   bx  0 2
 x y y  xy dx
 b x

 xy   yy  b  0  xx  xx
2
dx dx
x y x
 x y
y 2 bx x 2
 xy dx
• Strain-displacement Relation (linear) x
2

u v  u v   yx
 xx  ,  yy   xy  
dy
, y
x y 
 y x 
2

 yy
• Stress-Strain Relation y
dy
2
 xx   C11 C12 C13   xx 
     
 yy   C21 C22 C23  yy   { }  [C]{ }

  C C33    xy 
 xy   31
C32
 
– Since stress involves first-order derivative of displacements, the
governing differential equation is the second-order

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 GOVERNING EQUATIONS cont.
• Boundary Conditions
– All differential equations must be accompanied by boundary conditions
u = g, on Sg
s n = T, on ST

– Sg is the essential boundary and ST is the natural boundary

– g: prescribed (specified) displacement (usually zero for linear problem)
– T: prescribed (specified) surface traction force
• Objective: to determine the displacement fields u(x, y) and
v(x, y) that satisfy the D.E. and the B.C.

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 PLANE STRESS PROBLEM
• Plane Stress Problem:
– Thickness is much smaller than the length and width dimensions
– Thin plate or disk with applied in-plane forces
– z-direction stresses are zero at large surfaces (side here)
– Thus, it is safe to assume that they are also zero along the thickness

zz  xz   yz  0
fy
– Non-zero stress components:
σxx, σyy, τxy

– Non-zero strain components:

εxx, εyy, εxy, εzz
y fx
x
Example: Wing skin structure. Why is z
stress zero when there is air pressure and
friction? What about bending?
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 PLANE STRESS PROBLEM cont.
• Stress-strain relation for isotropic material
 xx  1  0   xx 
  E  1   

 yy     {}  [C ]{}
  yy 
0
1   2 
  0 0  
 xy  2 (1   )    xy 
1

– Even if εzz is not zero, it is not included in the stress-strain relation

because it can be calculated from the following relation:

 zz   ( xx   yy )
E

• How to derive plane stress relation?

– Solve for zz in terms of xx and yy from the relation of zz = 0 and Eq.
(1.57)
– Write xx and yy in terms of xx and yy

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 Quiz-like questions
• What are the commonly made assumptions for 2D solids?
• What does Sg stand for ?
• What is the [C] matrix?
• For plane stress problem in XY plane, what can be said about
stress and strain in Z direction?
• Answers in notes page

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 PLANE STRAIN PROBLEM
• Plane Strain Problem
– Thickness dimension is much larger than other two dimensions.
– Deformation in the thickness direction is constrained.
– Strain in z-dir is zero
 zz  0,  xz  0,  yz  0

– Non-zero stress components: σxx, σyy, τxy, σzz.

– Non-zero strain components: εxx, εyy, εxy.

Plane strain model

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 PLANE STRAIN PROBLEM cont.
• Plan Strain Problem
– Stress-strain relation

 xx  1    0   xx 
     
0   yy   {}  [C ]{}
E

 yy   1 
 
  (1   )(1  2 )  0  
 xy  2      xy 
1
 0

– Even if σzz is not zero, it is not included in the stress-strain relation

because it can be calculated from the following relation:

E Limits on
zz  ( xx   yy )
(1  )(1  2) Poisson’s ratio

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 EQUIVALENCE
• A single program can be used to solve both the plane stress
and plane strain problems by converting material properties.

From  To E 

Plane strain  Plane

   2  
E 1    
stress   1    1 

E
Plane stress  Plane 
  
2
strain 1   1 
 1  

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 PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL ENERGY
• Strain Energy
– energy that is stored in the structure due to the elastic deformation

1 h
U       {} dA
T T
{ } { } dV { }
2 volume 2 area
h
   [C]{} dA
T
{ }
2 area

– h: thickness, [C] = [Cσ] for plane stress, and [C] = [Cε] for plane strain.
– stress and strain are constant throughout the thickness.
– The linear elastic relation {σ} = [C]{ε} has been used in the last relation.

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PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL ENERGY cont.
• Potential Energy of Applied Loads
– Force acting on a body reduces potential to do additional work.
– Negative of product of the force and corresponding displacement
– Concentrated forces
ND
V   Fq
i i
i1

– Fi and qi are in the same direction

– Reaction forces do not have any potential when qi = 0
– Distributed forces (e.g., pressure load) acting on the edge

V  h  (Txu  Ty v)dS
ST
A
Tx  h
 h  [u v]   dS
ST Ty  z ST

 h  {u} T {T } dS y
ST {Tx,Ty}
x
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PRINCIPLE OF MINIMUM POTENTIAL ENERGY cont.
• Total Potential Energy
– Net energy contained in the structure
– Sum of the strain energy and the potential energy of applied loads

  U V

• Principle of Minimum Potential Energy

– The structure is in equilibrium status when the potential energy has a
minimum value.
   
0  0, 0 0
 {u} u1 u2 uN

Finite Element Equation

– More general to use q’s rather than u’s.

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 Quiz-like questions
• Cross section of a long pipe carrying pressurised oil can be
modelled using what assumption?
• What are the limits on Poisson’s ratio?
• For what value of Poisson’s ratio does the material behave as
infinitely rigid in shear?
• For plane solids, the equation of strain energy gets converted
form volume integral to area integral. Why?
• What can be said about potential of a force that does not
affect any degree of freedom ?
• Answers in notes page

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