Himanshu Singh Turbocharger-Seminar

JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION NOIDA

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL SEMINAR
ON
TURBOCHARGER
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF PRESENTED BY
MR. RAKESH KM
NAME : HIMANSHU SINGH
ROLL NO 1809140907
TURBOCHARGER
 INTRODUCTION.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE.
 MAIN COMPONENTS.
 APPLICATION.
 REFERENCE.
 IMAGE DEPICTION
INTRODUCTION
**A turbocharger, colloquially known as a turbo, is a turbine-driven forced
induction device that increases an internal combustion engine's efficiency and
power output by forcing extra compressed air into the combustion chamber.
**This improvement over a naturally aspirated engine's power output is due

to the fact that the compressor can force more air—and proportionately more
fuel—into the combustion chamber than atmospheric pressure (and for that
matter, ram air intakes) alone.
**Turbochargers were originally known as turbosuperchargers when all

forced induction devices were classified as superchargers. Today the term
"supercharger" is typically applied only to mechanically driven forced
induction devices
**The key difference between a turbocharger and a conventional supercharger is that
a supercharger is mechanically driven by the engine, often through a belt connected
to the crankshaft, whereas a turbocharger is powered by a turbine driven by the
engine's exhaust gas. Compared with a mechanically driven supercharger,
turbochargers tend to be more efficient, but less responsive. Twincharger refers to an
engine with both a supercharger and a turbocharger.
**Manufacturers commonly use turbochargers in truck, car, train, aircraft, and

construction-equipment engines. They are most often used with Otto cycle and Diesel
cycle internal combustion engines.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
In naturally aspirated piston engines, intake gases are drawn or "pushed" into
the engine by atmospheric pressure filling the volumetric void caused by the
downward stroke of the piston (which creates a low-pressure area), similar to
drawing liquid using a syringe. The amount of air actually inspired, compared
with the theoretical amount if the engine could maintain atmospheric pressure,
is called volumetric efficiency.
The objective of a turbocharger is to improve an engine's volumetric
efficiency by increasing density of the intake gas (usually air) allowing more
power per engine cycle
The turbocharger's compressor draws in ambient air and compresses it
before it enters into the intake manifold at increased pressure. This results in
a greater mass of air entering the cylinders on each intake stroke. The
power needed to spin the centrifugal compressor is derived from the kinetic
energy of the engine's exhaust gases.
3 MAIN COMPONENTS
• The turbocharger has three main components:
• The turbine, which is almost always a radial inflow turbine (but is
almost always a single-stage axial inflow turbine in large Diesel
engines)
• The compressor, which is almost always a centrifugal compressor
• The center housing/hub rotating assembly.
TURBINE :
• Energy provided for the turbine work is converted from the enthalpy and
kinetic energy of the gas. The turbine housings direct the gas flow through the
turbine as it spins at up to 250,000 rpm. The size and shape can dictate some
performance characteristics of the overall turbocharger. Often the same basic
turbocharger assembly is available from the manufacturer with multiple
housing choices for the turbine, and sometimes the compressor cover as well.
This lets the balance between performance, response, and efficiency be
tailored to the application.
• The turbine and impeller wheel sizes also dictate the amount of air or exhaust
that can flow through the system, and the relative efficiency at which they
operate. In general, the larger the turbine wheel and compressor wheel the
larger the flow capacity. Measurements and shapes can vary, as well as
curvature and number of blades on the wheels.
A turbocharger's performance is closely tied to its size. Large turbochargers take
more heat and pressure to spin the turbine, creating lag at low speed. Small
turbochargers spin quickly, but may not have the same performance at high
acceleration.To efficiently combine the benefits of large and small wheels,
advanced schemes are used such as twin-turbochargers, twin-scroll turbochargers,
or variable-geometry turbochargers
**On the left, the brass oil drain connection. On the right
are the braided oil supply line and water coolant line
connections.
COMPRESSOR:
The compressor increases the mass of intake air entering the
combustion chamber. The compressor is made up of an impeller, a
diffuser and a volute housing.
**Compressor impeller side with the cover

removed.
CENTER HOUSING/HUB ROTATING
ASSEMBLY:
The centre hub rotating assembly (CHRA) houses the shaft that connects the
compressor impeller and turbine. It also must contain a bearing system to
suspend the shaft, allowing it to rotate at very high speed with minimal friction.
For instance, in automotive applications the CHRA typically uses a thrust
bearing or ball bearing lubricated by a constant supply of pressurized engine
oil. The CHRA may also be considered "water-cooled" by having an entry and
exit point for engine coolant. Water-cooled models use engine coolant to keep
lubricating oil cooler, avoiding possible oil coking (destructive distillation of
engine oil) from the extreme heat in the turbine. The development of air-foil
bearings removed this risk
**Turbine side housing removed
IMPROVISED TURBOCHARGERS ARE:
1)
**Cut-out of a twin-scroll turbocharger, with two differently

angled nozzles.
2)
**Cut-out of a twin-scroll exhaust and turbine; the dual

"scrolls" pairing cylinders 1 and 4, and 2 and 3 are
clearly visible.
APPLICATION:
1) Petrol-powered cars.
Eg. The first turbocharged passenger car was the Oldsmobile Jetfire option
on the 1962–1963 F85/Cutlass, which used a turbocharger mounted to a
215 cu in (3.52 L) all aluminum V8.
2) Diesel-powered cars
Eg.The first production turbocharger diesel passenger car was the Garrett-
turbocharged[44] Mercedes 300SD introduced in 1978.
3) Motorcycles.
Eg.The first example of a turbocharged bike is the 1978 Kawasaki Z1R TC.
4)Trucks.
Eg.The first turbocharged diesel truck was produced by Schweizer
Maschinenfabrik Saurer (Swiss Machine Works Saurer) in 1938.
SUMMARY :
1. Volumetric efficiency is a comparison of the actual volume
of air–fuel mixture drawn into the engine to the theoretical
maximum volume that can be drawn into the cylinder.
2. A turbocharger uses the normally wasted heat energy of
the exhaust to turn an impeller at high speed. The impeller
is linked to a turbine wheel on the same shaft and is used
to force air into the engine.
3. A bypass valve is used to control the boost pressure on most
factory-installed turbochargers.
4. An intercooler is used on many turbocharged and some
engines to reduce the temperature of air entering the engine
for increased power.
REFERENCES:
K. Segawa, A. Iwakami, S. Yamaguchi, H. Tange, K. Kimachi, Improvement of
turbine performance for small size variable geometry system Turbo charger, IHI
Corporation, Japan,2010
Tao Chen, Weilin Zhuge, Xinqian Zheng, Yangjun Zhang, turbocharger design
for a 1.8 litre turbocharged gasoline Engine using an integrated method,
ASME, June 2009
Nice, Karim (4 December 2000). "How Turbochargers Work".
Auto.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 1 June2012.
"History of the Supercharger". Retrieved 30 June 2011.
"The turbocharger turns 100 years old this week". www.newatlas.com. 18
November 2005. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
Porsche Turbo: The Full History. Peter Vann. MotorBooks International, 11 July
2004
Miller, Jay K. (2008). Turbo: Real World High-Performance Turbocharger
Systems. Car Tech Inc. p. 9. ISBN 9781932494297. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
A dual turbocharger system installed on a small-block Chevrolet
V-8 engine.
A turbocharger on a Toyota engine
THANK YOU
Arigatou Gozaimasu

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JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA

JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION NOIDA

**This improvement over a naturally aspirated engine's power output is due

**Turbochargers were originally known as turbosuperchargers when all

**Manufacturers commonly use turbochargers in truck, car, train, aircraft, and

**Compressor impeller side with the cover

**Cut-out of a twin-scroll turbocharger, with two differently

**Cut-out of a twin-scroll exhaust and turbine; the dual

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