MAGM 262

Hydraulic Pumps and Motors

Mr. Conrado
 Hydraulic Pump
• The hydraulic pump transfers
mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy.
• The pump takes hydraulic fluid from
the reservoir and pushes it into a
system as flow.
• All pumps work on the same basic
principle
– A vacuum is created at the pump inlet.
The higher atmospheric pressure
present in the tank pushes oil through
the inlet passage and into the inlet
chamber. The pump gears then push
the oil out the pump outlet.
• Pumps can be classified as two types
– Positive displacement
– Non-positive displacement
 Hydraulic Motor
• Transfers hydraulic energy into
mechanical energy.
• Motors use hydraulic oil flow being
pushed by the pump and transfers it
into rotary motion.
 Non-Positive Displacement Pumps
• Have more clearance between the
moving and stationary parts than
positive displacement pumps. This
extra clearance between the parts
allows more oil to be pushed back into
the pump as system pressure
increases. Because of this non-
positive displacement pumps are less
efficient and output flow will vary for
each pump revolution.
• Non-positive pumps are generally
used in low pressure applications like
irrigation, automotive water pumps, or
charge pumps for positive
displacement pumps.

Centrifugal Impeller pump

 Non-Positive Displacement Pumps
• Axial Propeller pump
– Are mounted in a straight tube.
– Oil is pushed down the tube by the
rotation of the angled blades.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
• Positive displacement pumps have
much smaller clearances between
parts. This reduces the back pressure
within the pump and provides a much
higher efficiency when used in a high
pressure system.
• The output flow is basically the same
for each pump revolution.
• Positive displacement pumps are rated
two ways.
– Maximum system pressure
– Specific output per revolution or a
given speed.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
• When expressed in output per
revolution, the flow rate can be easily
converted by multiplying by the speed
in rpm and dividing by a constant.

– ie: a pump that rotates @ 2000rpm and

a flow of 11.55 in³/rev
– GPM = in³/rev X rpm
231

– GPM = 11.55 X 2000

231

GPM = 100
 Fixed Displacement vs. Variable
Displacement
• The output flow of a fixed
displacement pump is only changed by
the varying speed of the pump.
• Variable displacement pumps have a
device to control output flow without
changing input shaft rotation speed.
 Gear Pumps
• Parts 2 8
– 1. – Seal retainers 3
– 2. – seals 1 4
– 3. – seal back-ups
5
– 4. – isolation plates
7
– 5. – spacers 6
– 6. – drive gear
– 7. – idler gear
– 8. – housing
– 9. – mounting flange
– 10. – flange seal
– 11. – pressure balance plates
– Bearings are mounted in the housing
and a mounting flange on each side to 11
support the gear shafts during rotation.
9 10
 Gear Pumps
• Positive displacement pump
• Pump output can only be changed by
changing the speed of rotation
• Has a maximum operating pressure of
4000 psi. If pressures above 4000 psi
are present too much side pressure is
exerted on the gear shafts and tend to
create gear tooth to housing contact.
• Under normal conditions maintains a
volumetric efficiency above 90%.
 Gear pump flow
• Gear pump output flow at a given
speed is determined by the tooth
depth and gear width.
• As the pump rotates, the oil is carried
between the gear teeth and the
housing from the inlet side to the outlet
side of the pump. The direction of
rotation is determined by the location
of the inlet and outlet ports. The
direction will always direct oil around
the outside of the gears from the inlet
port to the outlet port.
• Usually the inlet port is larger than the
outlet port.
 Pressure Balance Plates
• There are two types used in gear
pumps.
– The earlier type has a flat back. This
type uses a isolation plate, a back-up
for the seal, a seal shaped like a 3, and
a seal retainer.
– The newer type has a groove shaped
like a 3 cut into the back and is thicker
than the earlier type. Two types of
seals are used with the newer type of
pressure balance plates.
 Vane Pumps
10
• Are positive displacement pumps. The 3
output can be either fixed or variable 2
1 13
• Parts
– 1. housing
– 2. cartridge
– 3. mounting plate
– 4. mounting plate seal
– 5. cartridge seals 8 11
– 6. backup rings
– 7. snap ring
12
– 8. input shaft and bearing
– 9. support plates 9
– 10. ring
6
– 11. flex plates 5
– 12. slotted rotor 4
– 13. vanes

7
 Vane Pump Operation
• The vanes are initially held against the
cam ring by centrifugal force created
by the rotation of the rotor. As flow
increases, the resultant pressure that
builds from the resistance to that flow
is directed into passages in the rotor
beneath the vanes.
• This pressurized oil keeps the vane
tips pushed against the can ring to
form a seal.
 Flex plates
• The same pressurized oil is also
directed between the flex plates and
the support plates to seal the sides of
the rotor and the end of the vanes.
The kidney shaped seals must be
installed in the support plates with the
rounded o-ring side into the pocket
and the flat plastic side against the flex
plate.
 Vane Pump Operation
• When the rotor rotates around the
inside of the cam ring, the vanes slide
in and out of the rotor slot to maintain
the seal against the cam ring.
• As the vanes move out of the slotted
rotor, the volume between the vanes
increases. This creates a vacuum that
allows oil to flow into the space. As
the rotor continues to rotate, a
decrease in the distance between the
ring and the rotor causes a decrease
in volume. The oil is then pushed out
of that segment of the rotor into the
outlet passage.
• Vane pumps have a maximum
operating pressure of 4000 psi. 3300
psi in mobile applications.
 Variable Vane Pump
• These pumps are controlled by shifting
a round ring back and forth in relation
to the rotor centerline.
• These pumps are seldom used in
mobile applications
 Piston Pumps and Motors
2
1
• Parts
– 1. head 3
– 2. housing
– 3. shaft
– 4. pistons
– 5. port plate
– 6. barrel
– 7. swash plate
4
• The two types of piston
pumps are axial piston
and radial piston. Both
are highly efficient, 6
positive displacement 5
pumps. However the
output of some pumps
are fixed and the output
of other are variable
7
 Axial Piston Pumps and Motors
• The fixed displacement axial piston
pumps are built with straight or angled
housing the basic operation is the
same.
• Here we have a positive displacement
axial piston pump and a variable
displacement pump.
 Angled Housing Axial Piston Pump
and motors
• Operation is the same as a straight
housing motor with a angled swash
plate.
• Some smaller pumps are designed for
up to 10,000psi but for most mobile
equipment 7,000psi is the max.
 Radial Piston Pump
• In the radial piston pump the pistons
move outward and inward in a line that
is 90 degrees to the centerline of the
shaft.
• Pump operation
 Conjugate Curve Pump
• Most common referred to as a
GEROTOR pump.
• The inner and outer members rotate
within the pump housing. Pumping is
achieved by the way the lobes on the
inner and the outer member contact
each other during rotation. As the
inner and outer members rotate, the
inner member walks around inside the
outer member. The inlet and outlet
ports are located on the end covers of
the housing. The fluid entering
through the inlet is carried around to
the outlet and squeezed out when the
lobes mesh.
 Pump ISO Symbols
• Pump symbols are distinguished by a
dark triangle in a circle with the point
of the triangle pointing toward the
edge of the circle. An arrow across
the circle indicates a variable output
per revolution
 Motor ISO Symbols
• Motor ISO symbols are distinguished
by a dark triangle in a circle with the
point of the triangle pointing toward the
center of the circle. An arrow across
the circle indicates a variable input per
revolution