• THE USER INTERFACE (UI) IS THE POINT OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION AND COMMUNICATION IN A DEVICE.

THIS CAN
INCLUDE DISPLAY SCREENS, KEYBOARDS, A MOUSE AND THE APPEARANCE OF A DESKTOP. IT IS ALSO THE WAY THROUGH WHICH
A USER INTERACTS WITH AN APPLICATION OR A WEBSITE. THE GROWING DEPENDENCE OF MANY BUSINESSES ON WEB
APPLICATIONS AND MOBILE APPLICATIONS HAS LED MANY COMPANIES TO PLACE INCREASED PRIORITY ON UI IN AN EFFORT TO
IMPROVE THE USER'S OVERALL EXPERIENCE.
• GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)
• COMMAND LINE INTERFACE (CLI)
• MENU-DRIVEN USER INTERFACE

• TOUCH USER INTERFACE

• VOICE USER INTERFACE (VUI)

• FORM-BASED USER INTERFACE

• NATURAL LANGUAGE USER INTERFACE

• IN EARLY COMPUTERS, THERE WAS VERY LITTLE USER INTERFACE EXCEPT FOR A FEW BUTTONS AT AN OPERATOR'S CONSOLE. MANY OF
THESE EARLY COMPUTERS USED PUNCHED CARDS, PREPARED USING KEYPUNCH MACHINES, AS THE PRIMARY METHOD OF INPUT FOR
COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND DATA. W HILE PUNCHED CARDS HAVE BEEN ESSENTIALLY OBSOLETE IN COMPUTING SINCE 2012, SOME VOTING
MACHINES STILL USE A PUNCHED CARD SYSTEM.

• THE USER INTERFACE EVOLVED WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF THE COMMAND LINE INTERFACE, WHICH FIRST APPEARED AS A NEARLY BLANK
DISPLAY SCREEN WITH A LINE FOR USER INPUT. USERS RELIED ON A KEYBOARD AND A SET OF COMMANDS TO NAVIGATE EXCHANGES OF
INFORMATION WITH THE COMPUTER. THIS COMMAND LINE INTERFACE LED TO ONE IN WHICH MENUS (LISTS OF CHOICES WRITTEN IN TEXT)
PREDOMINATED.

• FINALLY, THE GUI ARRIVED, ORIGINATING MAINLY IN XEROX'S PALO ALTO RESEARCH CENTER (PARC), ADOPTED AND ENHANCED
BY APPLE AND EFFECTIVELY STANDARDIZED BY MICROSOFT IN ITS W INDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS. ELEMENTS OF A GUI INCLUDE SUCH
THINGS AS WINDOWS, PULL-DOWN MENUS, BUTTONS, SCROLL BARS AND ICONS. W ITH THE INCREASING USE OF MULTIMEDIA AS PART OF
THE GUI, SOUND, VOICE, MOTION VIDEO AND VIRTUAL REALITY ARE INCREASINGLY BECOMING THE GUI FOR MANY APPLICATIONS.

• THE EMERGING POPULARITY OF MOBILE APPLICATIONS HAS ALSO AFFECTED UI, LEADING TO SOMETHING CALLED MOBILE UI. MOBILE UI IS
SPECIFICALLY CONCERNED WITH CREATING USABLE, INTERACTIVE INTERFACES ON THE SMALLER SCREENS
OF SMARTPHONES AND TABLETS AND IMPROVING SPECIAL FEATURES, LIKE TOUCH CONTROLS.
1969–present: Command-line user interface
• THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A USER INTERFACE AND AN OPERATOR INTERFACE OR A HUMAN–MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI).
• THE TERM "USER INTERFACE" IS OFTEN USED IN THE CONTEXT OF (PERSONAL) COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES

• W HERE A NETWORK OF EQUIPMENT OR COMPUTERS ARE INTERLINKED THROUGH AN MES (MANUFACTURING EXECUTION SYSTEM)-OR HOST TO DISPLAY INFORMATION.
• A HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE (HMI) IS TYPICALLY LOCAL TO ONE MACHINE OR PIECE OF EQUIPMENT, AND IS THE INTERFACE METHOD BETWEEN THE HUMAN AND THE
EQUIPMENT/MACHINE. AN OPERATOR INTERFACE IS THE INTERFACE METHOD BY WHICH MULTIPLE EQUIPMENT THAT ARE LINKED BY A HOST CONTROL SYSTEM IS
ACCESSED OR CONTROLLED.[CLARIFICATION NEEDED]

• THE SYSTEM MAY EXPOSE SEVERAL USER INTERFACES TO SERVE DIFFERENT KINDS OF USERS. FOR EXAMPLE, A COMPUTERIZED LIBRARY DATABASE MIGHT PROVIDE TWO
USER INTERFACES, ONE FOR LIBRARY PATRONS (LIMITED SET OF FUNCTIONS, OPTIMIZED FOR EASE OF USE) AND THE OTHER FOR LIBRARY PERSONNEL (WIDE SET OF
FUNCTIONS, OPTIMIZED FOR EFFICIENCY).[CLARIFICATION NEEDED]

• THE USER INTERFACE OF A MECHANICAL SYSTEM, A VEHICLE OR AN INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATION IS SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS THE HUMAN–MACHINE INTERFACE
(HMI).[1] HMI IS A MODIFICATION OF THE ORIGINAL TERM MMI (MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE).[2] IN PRACTICE, THE ABBREVIATION MMI IS STILL FREQUENTLY
USED[2]ALTHOUGH SOME MAY CLAIM THAT MMI STANDS FOR SOMETHING DIFFERENT NOW .[CITATION NEEDED]ANOTHER ABBREVIATION IS HCI, BUT IS MORE
COMMONLY USED FOR HUMAN–COMPUTER INTERACTION.[2] OTHER TERMS USED ARE OPERATOR INTERFACE CONSOLE (OIC) AND OPERATOR INTERFACE TERMINAL
(OIT).[3] HOWEVER IT IS ABBREVIATED, THE TERMS REFER TO THE 'LAYER' THAT SEPARATES A HUMAN THAT IS OPERATING A MACHINE FROM THE MACHINE
ITSELF.[2] WITHOUT A CLEAN AND USABLE INTERFACE, HUMANS WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO INTERACT WITH INFORMATION SYSTEMS.

• IN SCIENCE FICTION, HMI IS SOMETIMES USED TO REFER TO WHAT IS BETTER DESCRIBED AS DIRECT NEURAL INTERFACE. HOWEVER, THIS LATTER USAGE IS
SEEING INCREASING APPLICATION IN THE REAL-LIFE USE OF (MEDICAL) PROSTHESES—THE ARTIFICIAL EXTENSION THAT REPLACES A MISSING BODY PART
(E.G., COCHLEAR IMPLANTS).[4][5]
• IN SOME CIRCUMSTANCES, COMPUTERS MIGHT OBSERVE THE USER AND REACT ACCORDING TO THEIR ACTIONS WITHOUT SPECIFIC COMMANDS. A MEANS
OF TRACKING PARTS OF THE BODY IS REQUIRED, AND SENSORS NOTING THE POSITION OF THE HEAD, DIRECTION OF GAZE AND SO ON HAVE BEEN USED
EXPERIMENTALLY. THIS IS PARTICULARLY RELEVANT TO
• THE USER INTERFACE OR HUMAN–MACHINE INTERFACE IS THE PART OF THE MACHINE THAT HANDLES THE HUMAN–MACHINE
INTERACTION. MEMBRANE SWITCHES, RUBBER KEYPADS AND TOUCHSCREENS ARE EXAMPLES OF THE PHYSICAL PART OF THE
HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE WHICH WE CAN SEE AND TOUCH.
• IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS, THE HUMAN–MACHINE INTERFACE IS TYPICALLY COMPUTERIZED. THE TERM HUMAN–COMPUTER
INTERFACE REFERS TO THIS KIND OF SYSTEM. IN THE CONTEXT OF COMPUTING, THE TERM TYPICALLY EXTENDS AS WELL TO
THE SOFTWARE DEDICATED TO CONTROL THE PHYSICAL ELEMENTS USED FOR HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION.

• THE ENGINEERING OF THE HUMAN–MACHINE INTERFACES IS ENHANCED BY CONSIDERING ERGONOMICS (HUMAN FACTORS).
THE CORRESPONDING DISCIPLINES ARE HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING (HFE) AND USABILITY ENGINEERING(UE), WHICH IS
PART OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING.

• TOOLS USED FOR INCORPORATING HUMAN FACTORS IN THE INTERFACE DESIGN ARE DEVELOPED BASED ON KNOWLEDGE
OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, SUCH AS COMPUTER GRAPHICS, OPERATING SYSTEMS, PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. NOWADAYS, WE
USE THE EXPRESSION GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FOR HUMAN–MACHINE INTERFACE ON COMPUTERS, AS NEARLY ALL OF
THEM ARE NOW USING GRAPHICS.
A graphical user interface following the
desktop metaphor
THANK YOU