Sampling: Prepared By: Nandini Biswas Assistant Professor of Law, UPES

SAMPLING
Prepared by: Nandini Biswas

Assistant Professor of Law, UPES
Sampling may be defined as the selection of some part of an aggregate
or totality, on the basis of which a judgment or inference about the
aggregate or totality is made.
In other words, it is process of obtaining information about an entire
population by examining only a part of it.
The process of selecting a smaller number of

individuals(sample units)for a study in such a way that
the individuals represent the larger group from which
they are selected.
Sample frame: A listing of all elements in a study

Population. Example: Households, individuals etc.
Need for Sampling
Sampling is used in practice for a variety of reasons such as:-
1. Reduces the time and cost
2. Saves labor
3.Coverage/generalizing population
4. Provides much better results as they share common
characteristics
STAGES IN SELECTION OF A SAMPLE
DEFINE TARGET POPULATION
SELECT A SAMPLING FRAME
DEFINE METHOD OF SAMPLING:

PROBABILITY OR NON PROBABILITY
PLAN PROCEDURE FOR SELECTION OF

SAMPLE UNITS
DETERMINE SAMPLE SIZE
CONDUCT FIELDWORK
Broadly, sampling can be categorized as:
Probability Non-
sampling probability
sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLING:-
• Probability sampling is one in which every unit in the

population.
• It has a chance ( greater than Zero) of being selected
in the sample, and this probability can be accurately
determined.
• The combinations of these traits make it possible to
produce unbiased estimates (Probable) of population
totals, by weighing sampled units according to their
probability of selection.
• Based on probability theory
• Equal probability of selection from the population.
Probability Sampling is of the following types:
1.Simple Random sampling

2.Stratified Random sampling
3.Systematic Random sampling
4. Cluster/ Area sampling
5.Multi stage sampling
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING: -
A simple random sample is one in which each element of the

population has an equal and independent chance of being included in
the sample i.e.
A sample selected by randomization method is known as simple random
sample and this technique is simple random-sampling. Randomization is
a method and is done by using a number of techniques as:-
a)Tossing a coin
b)Throwing a disc
c)Lottery method
d)Blind folded method
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING:
Systematic sampling relies on arranging the target population

according to some ordering scheme and then selecting elements at
regular start and then proceeds with the selection of every Kth
element from the onwards. In this case K= (population size). It is
important that the starting point is not automatically the first in the
list, but is instead randomly chosen from within the first to the Kth
element in the list.
A simple eg:- would be to select every 10th name from the
telephone directory (an every 10th sample, also referred to as
sampling with a skip of 10).
S T R AT I F I E D S A M P L I N G
It is an improvement over the earlier method, when employing

this techniques, the researcher divides his population in strata
on the basis of some characteristics and from each of these
smaller homogenous groups (strata) drawn at random a pre-
determined number of Units.
Stratification is the process of dividing members of the

population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling.
Divide the sampling frame into homogeneous
subgroups
↓
Taking a SRS in each subgroup
a) Disproportionate Stratified Sampling
Means that the size of the sample in each Unit is not proportionate to the
size of the unit but depends upon considerations involving personal
judgment and convenience.
b) Proportionate sampling: -
Refers to the selection from each sampling unit of a sample that is
proportionate to the size of the unit.
c) Optimum allocation stratified sampling:-
Is representative as well as comprehensive than other stratified samples.
It refers to selecting units from each stratum should be in proportion to
the corresponding stratum the population. Thus sample obtained is
known as optimum allocation stratified sample.
C LU S T E R S A M P L I N G :
To select the intact group as a whole is known as a cluster sampling. In cluster sampling the
sample units contain groups of elements (clusters) instead of individual members or items in
the population.
eg:- Rather than listing all elementary school children in a given city and random selecting 15
per cent these students for the sample, a researcher lists all of the elementary schools in the
city, selects at random 15 percent of these clusters of units, and uses all of the children in the
selected schools as the sample.
Divide a population into clusters (usually along geographic boundaries) or some populations
are already grouped into clusters (e.g., churches, schools)
↓
randomly select clusters
↓
measure all elements within sampled clusters.
MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING: -
In this method, sampling is carried out in two or more stages. The

population is regarded as being composed of a number of first stage
sampling units. Each of them is made up of number of second stage
units and so forth. That is, at each stage, a sampling unit is a cluster of
the sampling units of the subsequent stage, first, a sample of the first
stage sampling is drawn, and then from each of the selected first stage
sampling unit, a sample of the second stage sampling units is drawn.
The procedure continues down to the final Sampling units or population
elements. Appropriate random sampling method is adopted at each
stage.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
Non Probability Sampling are those that provide no basis for estimating
how closely the sample characteristics approximate the parameters of
the population from which the sample was obtained. In fact the
investigator is generally unable to identify the parent population.
1.Convenience or Accidental sampling

2.Purposive or judgment sampling
3.Quota sampling
4.Snow – ball sampling
NON- PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS :
Convenience or accidental sampling: It means selecting sample units in a ‘1

hit and miss fashion’.
Example: interviewing people whom we happen to meet. This sampling also
means selecting whatever sampling units are conveniently available.
Example A teacher may select students in his class.
This method is also known as accidental sampling because the respondents
whom the researcher meets accidentally are included in the sample.
• relying on available subjects
• inexpensive and uses ready access to a certain population
• weakness is that you have no evidence of representativeness
PURPOSIVE OR JUDGMENT SAMPLING:
This method means deliberate selection of sample units that

conform to some pre-determined criteria. This is also known as
judgment sampling. This involves selection of cases which we
judge as the most appropriate ones for the given study. It is
based on the judgment of the researcher or some expert. It
does not aim at searching a cross section of a population.
This is based on researchers prior knowledge and judgment.

QUOTA SAMPLING:
• This is a form of convenient sampling involving selection of quota groups of accessible

sampling units by traits such as Sex, Social class etc. In specific proportions, each
investigator may be given an assignment of quota groups specified by the pre-
determined traits in specific proportions. He can then select accessible persons
belonging to those groups in the area assigned to him.
• Quota sampling is therefore, a method of stratified sampling in which the selection

within strata is non-random. Quota sampling is used in studies like marketing survey,
opinion polls, and readership survey which do not aim at precision but to get quickly
some crude results.
Snow ball sampling:
Is a technique of building up a list or a sample of a special population by
using an initial set of its members as informants. For example a
researcher wants to study the problem faced by Indians in another
country, Say, he may identify an initial group of Indians through some
source like Indian Embassy, Then he can ask each one of them to supply
names of other Indians known to them and continue this procedure until
he gets an exhaustive list from which he can draw a sample or make a
census survey.
This sampling technique may also be used in socio-metric studies. For

example, the members of a social group may be asked to name the
persons with whom they have social contacts, each one of the persons
so named may also be asked to do so, and so on. The researcher may
thus get a constellation of associates and analyze it.
18
THANK YOU!!!
19

Sampling: Prepared By: Nandini Biswas Assistant Professor of Law, UPES

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sampling: Prepared By: Nandini Biswas Assistant Professor of Law, UPES

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sampling: Prepared By: Nandini Biswas Assistant Professor of Law, UPES

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SAMPLING

Prepared by: Nandini Biswas

The process of selecting a smaller number of

Sample frame: A listing of all elements in a study

DEFINE TARGET POPULATION

SELECT A SAMPLING FRAME

DEFINE METHOD OF SAMPLING:

PLAN PROCEDURE FOR SELECTION OF

DETERMINE SAMPLE SIZE

• Probability sampling is one in which every unit in the

1.Simple Random sampling

A simple random sample is one in which each element of the

Systematic sampling relies on arranging the target population

It is an improvement over the earlier method, when employing

Stratification is the process of dividing members of the

In this method, sampling is carried out in two or more stages. The

1.Convenience or Accidental sampling

Convenience or accidental sampling: It means selecting sample units in a ‘1

This method means deliberate selection of sample units that

This is based on researchers prior knowledge and judgment.

• This is a form of convenient sampling involving selection of quota groups of accessible

• Quota sampling is therefore, a method of stratified sampling in which the selection

This sampling technique may also be used in socio-metric studies. For

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.