sampling lecture

Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Basic Terminologies
Need of Sampling
Advantages and disadvantages of
sampling
Types of Samples
 Population or Universe: It refers to the group of
people, items or units under investigation and includes
every individual.
 Sample: a collection consisting of a part or subset of the
objects or individuals of population which is selected for the
purpose, representing the population
 Sampling: It is the process of selecting a sample from the

population. For this population is divided into a number of
parts called Sampling Units.
Need of Sampling
 Large population can be conveniently covered.
 Time, money and energy is saved.
 Helpful when units of area are homogenous. Used
when percent accuracy is not acquired. Used when
the data is unlimited
 In some cases (e.g. industrial production) analysis may
be destructive, so sampling is needed.
Advantages of Sampling
 Economical: Reduce the cost compare to entire
population.
 Increased speed: Collection of data, analysis and
Interpretation of data etc take less time than the
population.
 Accuracy: Due to limited area of coverage,
completeness and accuracy is possible. Rapport:
Better rapport is established with the respondents,
which helps in validity and reliability of the results
Disadvantages of Sampling
 Biasedness: Chances of biased selection leading to
incorrect conclusion
 Selection of true representative sample:
 Sometimes it is difficult to select the right
representative sample
 Need for specialized knowledge: The researcher needs
knowledge, training and experience in sampling
technique, statistical analysis and calculation of
probable error
 Impossibility of sampling: Sometimes population is too
small or too heterogeneous to select a representative
sample.
Characteristics of good
sample
 A true representative of the population.
 Free from error due to bias.
 Adequate in size for being reliable.
 Units of sample should be independent and
relevant
 Units of sample should be complete precise and
up to date
 Free from random sampling error
 Avoiding substituting the original sample for
convenience.
Types of Sampling
Types Conti……
 Probability Sampling: A probability sample is one in
which each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected.
 Non-Probability Sampling: Nonprobability Sample a
particular member of the population being chosen is
unknown. In probability sampling, randomness is the
element of control. In Non-probability sampling, it
relies on personal judgment.
Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling: Here all members have the
same chance (probability) of being selected. Random
method provides an unbiased cross selection of the
population.
 A sample designed in such a way as to ensure that (1)
every member of the population has an equal chance
of being chosen and (2) every combination of N
members has an equal chance of being chosen.
 This can be done using a computer, calculator, or a
table of random numbers
Population inferences can be made...
...by selecting a representative sample from
the population
Systematic random sampling
 A method of sampling in which every Kth member (K is

a ration obtained by dividing the population size by the
desired sample size) in the total population is chosen
for inclusion in the sample after the first member of the
sample is selected at random from among the first K
members of the population.
Stratified Sampling
 The population is divided into smaller homogenous
group or strata by some characteristic and from each
of these strata members are selected randomly.
 Finally from each stratum using simple random or
systematic sample method is used to select final
sample.
Cluster Sampling
 A researcher/ enumerator selects sampling units at
random and then does complete observation of all
units in the group.
 For example, the study involves Primary schools. Select
randomly 15 schools. Then study all the children of 15
schools. In cluster sampling the unit of sampling
consists of multiple cases. It is also known as area
sampling, as the selection of individual member is
made on the basis of place residence or employment.
Non-probability Sampling
Purposive Sampling
 Purposive Sampling: In this sampling method, the
researcher selects a "typical group" of individuals who
might represent the larger population and then
collects data from this group. Also known as
Judgmental Sampling.
Convenience Sampling
 It refers to the procedures of obtaining units or
members who are most conveniently available. It
consists of units which are obtained because cases are
readily available.
 In selecting the incidental sample, the researcher
determines the required sample size and then simply
collects data on that number of individuals who are
available easily.
Quota Sampling
 The selection of the sample is made by the researcher,

who decides the quotas for selecting sample from
specified sub groups of the population.
 For example, an interviewer might be need data from
40 adults and 20 adolescents in order to study
students’ television viewing habits.
 Selection will be:
 20 Adult men and 20 adult women
 10 adolescent girls and 10 adolescent boys
Snowball Sampling:
 In snowball sampling, the researcher Identifying and

selecting available respondents who meet the criteria
for inclusion.
 After the data have been collected from the subject,
the researcher asks for a referral of other individuals,
who would also meet the criteria and represent the
population of concern.
Comparison

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Sampling and Sampling Distributions

 Sampling: It is the process of selecting a sample from the

 A method of sampling in which every Kth member (K is

 The selection of the sample is made by the researcher,

 In snowball sampling, the researcher Identifying and

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