Application of Neutralization Titrations

Application of Neutralization
Titrations
Reagents for Neutralization Titrations
• Neutralization Titrations – acid/base titrations
• Strong acids and bases are used
– Reason: sharper endpoints (more pronounced)
• Preparation of standard acid solutions
– Prepared by diluting an approximate volume of
conc reagent then standardized
– Less frequently: density measurements (Available
data: conc. vs density)
• HCl

– widely used for titration of bases
– Stable indefinitely
– Do not cause troublesome pptn rxns with most cations
– Reported that 0.1 M HCl soln can be boiled for 1 hr with
loss of acid; 0.5 M for 10 minutes
– Stock solution of HCl
• Prepared by dilution of a quantity of conc acid with a known
volume of water then distilled
• Final quarter of distillate is clled the constant boiling HCl
• Has fixed and known composition,, dependent only on pressure
• For P of 670-780 torr:
• Stds solns are then prepared by diluting weighed this acid to

known volumes
• HClO4 and H2SO4 are stable and used for
titration when Cl– interferes by forming pptes
• HNO3 is seldom used because of its oxidizing
properties
Standardization of acids
• Sodium Carbonate +¿
2𝐻
– Frequently used 1 𝑁𝑎 2 𝐶𝑂3
¿
– PS grade is available commercially

– Can be obtained by heating to 270–300oC for 1 hr
– Has two endpoints
• 1st: at pH 8.3 - to
• 2nd: at pH 3.8 - to
• Boiled to eliminate carbonic acid to
destroy buffering effect
• Titration is resumed after cooling
yielding to sharper endpoints
– Tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane 1𝐻
+¿
¿
(TRIS or THAM) 1 𝑇𝑅𝐼𝑆 /𝑇𝐻𝐴𝑀
• Rxn:
• Greater mass/mole of proton +¿

𝐻
1 ¿
– Na2B4O7▪H2O 1 𝐵 4 𝑂7
2−
• Rxn
• Prepation of Std Solns of Base
– NaOH is the most common base
– KOH or Ba(OH)2 is also used
– None has PS purity, so standardization is reqd
• Effect of CO2 on Basic Solutions
– Bases rapidly reacts with atmospheric solutions to
produce carbonates:
– When using a acid-range indicator (eg bcg or mo),

no error occurs during analyses since
– But indicators used are usually are base-range,
resulting to carbonate error:
– To eliminate:
• use same indicator in analysis and standardization, though
less sharp endpoints
• Steps are also taken to remove carbonate ions b4
standardization
• For conc base solutions, Na2CO3 has low solubility; solids
are removed by decantation or vacuum filtration
• Water must be free of CO2, should be boiled then cooled
(hot alkali soln absorb CO2 rapidly)
• Deionized water is safer to use
• Use of tightly capped PE bottle (short term only)
• Do not use glass bottles (loss of 0.1 to 0.3%/wk, freezing)
• Standardization of Bases
– Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate 1 𝑂 𝐻
−
1 𝐾𝐻𝑃
(KHP, KHC8H4O4, [204.2])
• An ideal PS, can be used without purification
– Benzoic Acid (C6H5COOH) 1 𝑂 𝐻−
• Can be obtained in high purity 1 𝐵𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑐 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑
• Has limited solubility on water

• Dissolved in ethanol before dilution in water
– Potassium hydrogen iodate −
1𝑂𝐻
• High MW/mol H+
1 𝐾𝐻 ( 𝐼𝑂 3 )
• A strong acid
• Can be titrated with any indicator with a transition range
b/n a pH of 4-10
Application
• Elemental analysis
– Kjeldahl Method – determination of organic
nitrogen
• Sample is decomposed in hot sulfuric acid (1 hr), and
ammonia produced is condensed and titrated with acid
• Coverts amino and amide groups to NH3, but not nito,
azo or azoxy groups and certain aromatic heterocyclic
compounds eg pyridine
• %protein = f*%N; f=6.25 for meats, 6.38 for dairy, and
5.70 for cereal
– Sulfur
• Found in organic and biological materials
• Sample is burned in a stream of oxygen (SO2, SO3)
• Collected in dilute H2O2:
• H2SO4 is then ttd with std base
– Other non-metallic elements determination is
listed in Table 16-1
Determination of Inorganic Substances
• Ammonium Salts
– Kjeldahl method can be used
• Nitrates and Nitrites
– Reduced first to NH4+ by Devarda’s (50%Cu, 45%Al,
5%Zn) or Arnd’s (60%Cu, 40%Mg) alloy
– Then proceed Kjeldahl method
• Carbonate and Carbonate Mixture
– Compatible combinations of NaOH, NaHCO3, Na2CO3
– No more than two of these three constituents can
exist in appreciable amount in solution because rxn
eliminates the third
– NaOH + NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 +H2O
• If NaOH is used up, NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 are present
• If NaHCO3 is used up, NaOH and Na2CO3 are present
• if equimolar are used, only and Na2CO3 is present
– Using different indicators (acid- or base-range)
Titration Curves of Compatible Mixtures
•
• 1st endpoint:
• 2nd endpoint: (2 sources)

• Organic Functional Groups
– Carboxylic and sulfonic acids – readily titratable
with base using base-range indicator
– Amines – titrated with strong bases for aliphatic;
for aromatic and cyclic amines are tirated in non-
aqueous ie anhydrous acetic acid to enhance
basisity
– Esters - treated with excess base (saponification),
then backtitrated with std acid
– Alcohols– can be determined by esterification (rxn
of acetic or phthalic anhydrides with ROH in
pyridine); excess anhydride is hydrolize to give
acetic acid; acetic acid is titrated with alcoholic
NaOH/KOH, then compared to blank
• Carbonyl compounds
– Aldehydes and ketones
– Reacted with hydroxylamine hydrochloride:
– Liberated HCl is titrated with a base

Problems

Application of Neutralization Titrations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Application of Neutralization Titrations

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Application of Neutralization Titrations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Application of Neutralization

• Stds solns are then prepared by diluting weighed this acid to

– PS grade is available commercially

• Greater mass/mole of proton +¿

– When using a acid-range indicator (eg bcg or mo),

• Has limited solubility on water

• 2nd endpoint: (2 sources)

– Liberated HCl is titrated with a base

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.