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 FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid Mechanics is that
branch of science which
deals with behavior of the
fluids at rest as well as in
motion
Fluid mechanics can we
divided into 3 divisions:
 Hydrostatics: that studies the
mechanics of fluids at absolute and
relative rest.
 Kinematics: deals with translation,
rotation and deformation of fluid
without considering the force and
energy causing such a motion.
 Dynamics: that prescribes the relation
between velocities and acceleration
and the forces which are exerted by or
upon the moving fluids.
What is Fluid ?

Matter exist in two principal forms:

 Solid
 Fluids

Fluids are further sub-divided into:

 Liquid
 Gas
For all practical purposes , the liquids
and solids can be regarded as
incompressible.This means that
pressure and temperature have
practically no effect on them.

Eg Water, Kerosene,petrol etc.

But Gases are readily compressible fluids.They expand
infinitely in the absence of pressure and contract easily
under pressure. Eg air ,ammonia etc.
Knowledge of Fluid Mechanics is essential for
proper design of Ships.
Otherwise without the proper knowledge of fluid
mechanics, What will happen
In this subject, topic on Model Studies
is there which is very important for civil
engineers.
Model Tests on civil engineering structures such as Dams,
canals to predict the working of full size structure and
river models assist a civil engineer in the design of
flood control structure as well as in the analysis of
sediment movement in rivers.
Significance of Fluid
Mechanics
 Design of wide range of hydraulic
structures (dams, canals) and
machinery ( pumps, turbines).
 Fluidic control devices; both
pneumatic and hydraulic.
 Design and analysis of gas turbine ,
rocket engine, super sonic aircrafts.
 Human circulatory system i.e the flow
of blood in veins and the pumping
action of heart.
Ideal Fluid: A fluid is said to be ideal if
it is assumed to be both incompressible
and inviscid (non-viscous).

Ideal fluid has no surface tension and viscosity

is zero and no frictional forces are set up even
during the fluid motion.

Ideal Fluids are imaginary and do not exist in

nature .
Real Fluid: Practical Fluid have surface
tension, viscosity and compressibility.

Whenever motion takes place, the

tangential or shear forces always come
into play due to viscosity and some
frictional work is done.
 FLUID’S PROPERTIES
 Density ()
 Specific Gravity(SG)
 Specific Volume, v
 Specific Weight, γs
 Bulk Modulus E (or Compressibility)
 Viscosity, 
 Surface Tension, s
 Capillary effect
1. DENSITY, ρ

Definition: mass per unit volume,

 = mass/volume = m/V

Units: kg/m³

Typical values:
Water = 1000 kg/m³; Air = 1.23
kg/m³
 1. DENSITY, ρ
 Slightly affected by changes in temperature and
pressure.
 In liquid, density is nearly constant.
Temperature (ºC) Density (kg/m³)
0 999.8 Density of water
10 999.2 changes at
20 998.2 4.14% - can be
30 995.7 neglected in
40 992.3 engineering
50 988.0 analyses
100 958.4
2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SG (OR
RELATIVE DENSITY)

A ratio of the density of a liquid to

the density of water at standard
temperature and pressure (20C, 1
atm)

 Unit: dimensionless
 3. SPECIFIC VOLUME, v
v=V =1

m 
Unit: m³/kg

γs = g
= density × 9.81
EXAMPLE 1 :
A reservoir of glycerin as a mass of
1200 kg and a volume of 0.952 m3.
Find:
 glycerin’s weight (W)
 density ( )
 specific weight ( )
 specific gravity (SG)
EXAMPLE 1 :

Weight, W = mg = (1200)(9.81) = 11770N

=11.77kN

Density,  = m/V = 1200/0.952 = 1261 kg/m3

Specific weight,  = g = (1261)(9.81) = 12.37

kN/m3

Specific gravity, SG = substance / water at 4oC

= 12.37k/9.98k = 1.24
5. BULK MODULUS, E (or Compressibility)

 Change in volume of liquid that

subjected to change in pressure
 to characterize compressibility of fluid
Pressure changes
E = - dp
d V/V

Initial volume
Shows the pressure increment
with volume reduction
volume changes
EXAMPLE 2

A liquid compressed in a cylinder

has a volume of 1000 cm3 at 1
MN/m2 and a volume of 995 cm3
at 2 MN/m
Answer 2: 2. What is its bulk
modulus (E)?
 p 2 1
K   200MPa
V V (995  1000) / 1000

20
6. VISCOSITY, 

absolute or dynamic viscosity.

represents the internal resistance of fluid flow.
the force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow
direction is called drag force.
Fluid with a high viscosity such as syrup deforms more
slowly than fluid with a low viscosity such as water
Drag force increase with density
6a. DYNAMIC VISCOSITY, 
du
 
dy
Units: N.s/m², kg m­¹s­¹, Poise (P), Pa.s


viscosity of liquids with temperature,

Liquid viscosity of gases with in temperature

Gases

Temperature
 Example 3:
A plate separated by 0.5 mm from a fixed
plate moves at 0.5 m/s under a force per
unit area of 4.0 N/m2. Determine the
viscosity of fluid between the plates.
0.5 m/s
du
 
dy
4.0 N/m2 0.0005 m

dy 0.5
   (4.0)  0.004 Ns / m 2

du 0.0005
6b. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY, v

Definition: is the ratio of the viscosity

  /
to the density;

Units: m2/s

Typical values:
Water = 1.14x10-6 m2/s;
Air = 1.46x10-5 m2/s;
NEWTONIAN &
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID
obey refer
Fluid Newton’s law Newtonian fluids
of viscosity
Newton’s’ law of viscosity is given by; Example:
du Air
 Water
dy Oil
Gasoline
 = shear stress Alcohol
 = viscosity of fluid Kerosene
du/dy = shear rate, rate of strain or Benzene
velocity gradient Glycerine
NEWTONIAN &
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID
Do not obey

Fluid Newton’s law Non- Newtonian

of viscosity fluids
Example:
 The viscosity of the non-Newtonian fluid is Salt solutions
dependent on the velocity gradient as well as the & molten polymers
condition of the fluid. -ketchup 
-Custard
-Toothpaste 
-Paint
-Blood
-shampoo
 NEWTONIAN &
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID
NEWTONIAN FLUID NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID
 a linear relationship  slope of the curves for
between shear stress non-Newtonian fluids
and the rate of shear varies
 the slope is constant
Surface Tension, s

 Water droplets from leaves.

 Behave like small spherical
balloon filled with water.
 Surface of water acts like a stretched elastic membrane
under tension.
 Pulling force that cause this tension acts parallel to the
surface and is due to the attractive forces between
molecules in the water.
 Magnitude force/length
= surface tension
Surface Tension, s
 Unit: N/m
s = F (force)
L (length)
 How surface tension arises?
◦ Interior molecule – balance each other due to symmetry
◦ Surface molecule – not symmetry, force from gas molecule smaller
than liquid molecule.
◦ Therefore, tend to pull molecule on surface toward the interior of
the liquid.
◦ Force is balance by repulsive force from
bottom molecules
◦ Resulting compression effect causes the liquid to
minimize its surface area – tendency liquid droplets
to spherical shape .
Surface Tension, s
 For interior of liquid cylinder, 
P 
R
 A spherical droplet,
2
P 
 R
The pressure difference between 2 surfaces of soap bubbles,

4
P 
R
30
Example 4 :

 An atomizer forms water droplets 45μm in

diameter. Find the excess pressure within these
droplets for water at 30oC.

Answer 4:
2 2(0.0712)
P   6
 6329 Pa
R (45 x10 ) / 2
 = 0.0712 N/m – for air-water interface
 = 0.480 N/m – for air -mercury interface

32
 Capillary effect
 Rise or fall of liquid in small diameter tube inserted into the liquid

Wet the Not wet the

surface ɸ < surface ɸ >
90º 90º
 Cohesive forces: forces between molecules (water & water)

 Adhesive forces: forces between water & glass.

 cohesion forces > adhesion forces - water
Capillary effect

 Increasing of liquid’s level in tube can be

estimated if angle, ɸ which is between wall
and liquid are known.
W = mg = ρ Vg = ρ(πR²h)g
W = Fsurface
= 2πRs cos ɸ

h = 2s cos ɸ
ρgR
Example 5 :

 Find the capillary rise in the tube

for a mercury-air-glass interface
with 130o if the tube radius is
Answer
1mm and 5 :the temperature is
20oC.
2 cos  2(0.51)(cos130o )
h   0.005m
pgr (13550)(9.81)(1 / 1000)

35
Next slides are show the
properties of air, water and
common gases at standard
sea-level atmosphere
pressure.

36
Table A.1: Properties of air at standard sea-level
atmosphere pressure

Specific Dynamic Kinematic

Temperature Density, 
weight,  viscosity,  Viscosity, 
o
C kg/m3
N/m3 Ns/m2 m2/s
0 1.29 12.7 1.72  10-5 13.3  10-6
10 1.25 12.2 1.77  10-5 14.2  10-6
20 1.20 11.8 1.81  10-5 15.1  10-6
30 1.16 11.4 1.86  10-5 16.0  10-6
40 1.13 11.0 1.91  10-5 16.9  10-6
50 1.09 10.7 1.95  10-5 17.9  10-6
60 1.06 10.4 1.99  10-5 18.9  10-6
70 1.03 10.1 2.04  10-5 19.9  10-6
80 1.00 9.80 2.09  10-5 20.9  10-6
90 0.972 9.53 2.19  10-5 21.9  10-6
37
100 0.946 9.28 2.30  10-5 23.0  10-6
 * Contact
Table A.2: Properties of water at standard with air
sea-level atmosphere
Temperature
Density, pressure
Specific weight, Dynamic viscosity,
Surface
 tension*,
o
C  N/m3  Ns/m2
kg/m3 N/m

0 1000 9810 1.75  10-3 0.0756

10 1000 9810 1.30  10-3 0.0742
20 998 9790 1.02  10-3 0.0728
30 996 9770 8.00  10-4 0.0712
40 992 9730 6.51  10-4 0.0696
50 988 9690 5.41  10-4 0.0679
60 984 9650 4.60  10-4 0.0662
70 978 9590 4.02  10-4 0.0644
80 971 9530 3.50  10-4 0.0626
90 965 9470 3.11  10-4 0.0608
38

100 958 9400 2.82  10-4 0.0589

Table A.3: Properties of fluid at standard
sea-level atmosphere pressure

Bulk
Specific Viscosi
Tem Densit Surface Modul
gravity, ty,
p y,  tension, us,
sg 
Fluid  K
10– 3 106
o
C kg/m3 – Ns/m N/m N/
2
m2
Benzene 20oC 876 0.88 0.65 0.029 1030
Tetrachlo
ride 20oC 1588 1.594 0.97 0.026 1100
Carbon
Raw oil 20oC 856 0.86 7.2 0.03 –
Gasoline 20oC 680 0.68 0.29 – – 39

Glycerine 20oC 1258 1.26 1494 0.063 4344

Table A.3: Properties of fluid at standard
sea-level atmosphere pressure

Speci Surfa
fic ce Bulk
Density viscosity,
Temp weig tensi Modul
, 
Fluid ht, on, us, K
sg 
10– 3 106N/
o
C kg/m 3
– N/m
Ns/m2 m2
0.02
Kerosene 20oC 808 0.81 1.92 –
5

1
Mercury 20oC 13550 3. 1.56 0.51 26200
5
6 40

–
Oxygen o
1206 1.21 0.278 0.015 –
Table A.4: Physical properties of common
gases at standard sea-level atmosphere
pressure Chemical Molar Mass, Density, Viscosity,
Gas Constant, R
Gas formula M  
– kg/ kg-mol kg/m3 10–6 Ns/m2 m2/(s2K)
Air 28.96 1.205 18.0 287
Carbon CO2 44.01 1.84 14.8 188
dioxide
Carbon
CO 28.01 1.16 18.2 297
monoxide
Helium He 4.003 0.166 19.7 2077
Hydrogen H2 2.016 0.0839 9.0 4120
Methane CH4 16.04 0.668 13.4 520
Nitrogen N2 28.02 1.16 17.6 297
Oxygen O2 32.00 1.33 20.0 260
41

Water H2O 18.02 0.747 10.1 462

Vapour