Module 5

Power transmission and distribution: Concept of power transmission and

power distribution. Low voltage distribution system (400 V and 230 V) for
domestic, commercial, and small-scale industry through block diagrams only.
Electricity bill: Power rating of household appliances including air conditioners,
PCs, laptops, printers, etc. Definition of “unit” used for consumption of electrical
energy, two-part electricity tariff, calculation of electricity bill for domestic
consumers.
Equipment Safety measures: Working principle of Fuse and Miniature circuit
breaker (MCB), merits and demerits.
Personal safety measures: Electric Shock, Earthing and its types, Safety
Precautions to avoid shock, and Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB).
Power transmission and
distribution
Basics Of Electrical Power
Transmission System
Electrical energy, after being produced at generating stations (TPS, HPS, NPS, etc.)
is transmitted to the consumers for utilization. This is due to the fact that
generating stations are usually situated away from the load centers. The network
that transmits and delivers power from the producers to the consumers is called
the transmission system. This energy can be transmitted in AC or DC form.
Traditionally, AC has been used for years now, but HVDC (High Voltage DC) is
rapidly gaining popularity.
SIMPLIFIED DIAGRAM OF POWER
SYSTEM
Power transmission and distribution
Single Line Diagram Of AC Power Transmission
System
ELECTRIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• A typical power generation, transmission and distribution system has these
components:
• Power Generation Plants
• Substations
• Step-up Transmission Substation
• Step-down Transmission Substation
• Distribution Substation
• Underground Distribution Substation
• Substation Functions
• Substation Equipment
• Transmission Lines
• Overhead Transmission Lines
• Sub transmission Lines
• Underground Transmission Lines
• Distribution Systems
• Industrial Customer
• Commercial Customer
• Residential Customer
• Transportation Customer
POWER GENERATION PLANTS
Different Types Of Transmission Systems
Single phase AC system
o single phase, two wires
o single phase, two wires with midpoint earthed
o single phase, three wires
Two phase AC system
o two-phase, three wires
o two-phase, four wires
Three phase AC system
o three-phase, three wires
o three-phase, four wires
DC system
o DC two wires
o DC two wires with midpoint earthed
o DC three wires
Main Elements Of A
Transmission Line
• Conductors
• Transformers
• Line insulators
• Support towers
• Protective devices
• Voltage regulators
The World’s Biggest Electrical Transformer With
voltage upto 1100kV
TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS
SUBSTATION
SUBSTATION
• Substations are the places where the level of voltage undergoes
change with the help of transformers.

• Substation houses switches (called circuit breakers), meters, relays for

protection and other control equipment.
Distribution System
• Primary
• Secondary
Primary Distribution System
Secondary Distribution System
• Electricity bill: Power rating of household appliances including
air conditioners, PCs, laptops, printers, etc. Definition of “unit”
used for consumption of electrical energy, two-part electricity
tariff, calculation of electricity bill for domestic consumers.
Tariff
Factors Involved In Deciding An Electricity Tariff

• The tariff should be such that the total cost of generation,

transmission, and distribution is recovered.
• It should earn a reasonable profit.
• It must be fair and at a reasonable to the consumers.
• It should be simple and easy to apply.
• It should be attractive than a competitor.
• Q-2. The maximum demand of a consumer is 20 A at 220 V and
his total energy consumption is 8760 kWh. If the energy is
charged at the rate of 20 paise per unit for 500 hours use of the
maximum demand per annum plus 10 paise per unit for
additional units, calculate : (i)annual bill (ii) equivalent flat rate
Equipment Safety measures:
Working principle of Fuse and Miniature circuit breaker
(MCB), merits and demerits.
 What is fuse?
• Fuses are a type of over-current protection device. The essential
component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current
flows, which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. Short
circuits, overloads or device failures are often the reason for
excessive current.

• A fuse interrupts excessive current (blows) so that further damage by

overheating or fire is prevented. Over-current protection devices are
essential in electrical systems to limit threats to human life and
property damage. Fuses are selected to allow passage of normal
current and of excessive current only for short periods.
• Fuses serve two main purposes:

1. To protect components and equipment from costly

damage caused by over-currents.
2. To isolate sub-systems from the main system once a fault
has occurred.

• There are thousands of different styles of fuses available in

the world. The primary way to group them is by Low Voltage
(Voltage Rating less than or equal to 1500V) or Medium
Voltage (Voltage Rating between 1500V and 40.5kV).
HOW FUSE IS CONSTRUCTED?
HOW FUSE WORKS?
Characteristics of fuse
• Low melting point
• High conductivity
• Free from deterioration due to oxidation
• Low cost
Definitions
TYPES OF FUSES
Low voltage fuse
•A fuse is a type of over-current protective device that is
designed to be a sacrificial element in an electrical power
system. Fuses are designed to open circuits when excessive over-
currents are present and are designed to prevent further
damage to the system that might result if the fuse were not
present. The use of fuses in a circuit provides cheap insurance
should there be an accidental or unintentional fault in the
system wiring or components. Low voltage fuses are very
common in electrical systems and they come in diverse styles,
shapes and sizes. Low voltage fuses are defined as fuses with a
voltage rating less than or equal to 1,500V.
REWIREABLE FUSES
Electric Shock
How can you get Electric Shock?
• By poorly insulated wires or ungrounded electrical equipments
• By using electrical equipments while in contact with water
• By being struck by lightning
Contents
• Earthing

• Pipe earthing

• Plate earthing
Earthing
Earthing

✔ The earth potential is considered as zero potential and therefore any electrical
machine, appliance or component when connected to earth attains zero potential and is
said to be earthed .

✔ The neutral wire of an AC supply system and the middle wire of the three wire DC
distribution systems are always earthed to maintain line voltage always constant.
Earthing
Improperly Grounded Appliance with Short
Grounded Appliance
Purpose of earthing

✔ To save human life from danger of electrical shock

✔ To maintain line voltage constant

✔ To protect tall building or structures from atmospheric lightning strikes ✔ To protect all

machines which is fed from overhead lines from atmospheric lightning ✔ To serve as a

return conductor for telephone and traction work

Types of earthing

✔ Plate earthing

✔ Pipe earthing
Plate earthing
✔ A plate of following dimensions is used as
earth electrode:
(i)Copper Plate: 0.3m x 0.3m x 6.35
mm
(ii)GI Plate: 60cm x 60cm x 6.3mm

✔ Earth connection is provided by copper

plate or Galvanized Iron Plate or cast
Iron Plate.

✔ Copper plates are most effective earth

electrodes
 Plate earthing
✔ The plate is buried to a depth not less than
2m and at least 0.6m away from the
foundation of any building.

✔ The plate is so arranged that is

embedded in alternate layers of
coke(charcoal) and salt with a minimum
thickness of about 15 cm.

✔ The earth wire is drawn through a pipe

and is perfectly bolted to a earth plate

✔ Earth lead used must be G.I wire to

carry fault current safely.
Plate earthing

✔ Earth wire is drawn through G.I pipe of 19mm

diameter, at 60cm below the ground.

✔ For effective earthing, salt water is

poured periodically through the funnel.

✔ Conductivity/earthing efficiency increases with

the increase of the plate area and depth of
embedding.

✔ The only disadvantage is discontinuity of earth

wire with the plate below the earth cannot be
observed and hence it misleads causing heavy
loss in the event of fault.
Pipe earthing

✔ A GI pipe with a few holes at its lower end

is buried to a depth not less than 2m.

✔ The size of pipe is 2m long and 38mm

diameter.

✔ For dry and rocky soil, longer pipes are

used.

✔ Alternate layers of common salt and

charcoal havethickness of 30mm and 80mm,

✔ The pipe must be placed upright in

the wet ground. The pit area around
the GI pipe is filled with salt and
 Pipe earthing
✔ In summer, the soil becomes dry,
in which the salt
water is poured through the funnel
to the GI pipe. Earth lead used
must be G.I wire to carry fault
current
safely.

✔ The earth wires are connected to

the GI pipe above the ground level
and can easily be inspected and
continuity can be checked.
RCCB – Residual Current Circuit
Breaker
While electricity has become an indispensable
component of our lives, the fact is, it comes with its
own hazards to human life and property.
Electrocution and fire being the two major risks
associated with electricity, one cannot afford to be
negligent when it comes to insulating equipment.

A Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB) is an important safety

measure when it comes to protection of electrical circuits. It is a
current sensing device, which can automatically measure and
disconnect the circuit whenever a fault occurs in the connected
circuit or the current exceeds the rated sensitivity.
Principle behind RCCB
RCCB works on the principle of Kirchhoff’s law,
which states that the incoming current must be
equal to the outgoing current in a circuit. RCCB
thus compares the difference in current values
between live and neutral wires. Ideally, the current
flowing to the circuit from the live wire should be the
same as that flowing through the neutral wire. In
case of a fault, the current from the neutral wire is
reduced, the differential between the two known as
Residual Current. On spotting a Residual Current, the
RCCB is triggered to trip off the circuit.
A test circuit included with the Residual Current
device ensures that the reliability of RCCB is tested.
When the test button is pushed, the current starts
to flow through the test circuit. As it creates an
imbalance on the neutral coil of the device, the
RCCB trips and supply is disconnected thereby
checking RCCB’s reliability.
Sensitivity of RCCB
A human being is able to sustain an electric shock to
the extent of 30 mA. While up to 10 mA may just
evoke a prickling sensation, 10 mA onwards may
lead to muscular contraction, further leading to a
respiratory paralysis at around 30mA. RCCBs are
therefore designed to look for small changes in
residual current. In cases where protection from fire
is sought, RCCBs are also used to track higher
changes in residual current of up to 300mA.
Limitations of RCCB
While RCCB has many advantages, it has some limitations as
well:
 RCCB does not guarantee to operate if none standard waveforms
are generated by loads. It’s mainly because RCCB is designed to
operate on normal supply waveforms.
 There might be some unwanted tripping of RCCB. It’s mainly
because whenever there are sudden changes in electrical load, there
can be small current flow to earth especially in the old appliances.
 RCCB does not protect from current overload. It has been designed
to protect only when the live current and neutral current are different.
However, a current overload cannot be detected.
 RCCB does not protect against line-neutral shocks. It’s mainly
because current in them is balanced. The current gets balanced as
Classification of RCCB
RCCB are of two types; the 2 Pole RCCB
and 4 Pole RCCB.
2 Pole RCCB:
This is used in case of a single-phase
supply connection that has only a live
and a neutral wire.
4 Pole RCCB:
This is used in case of a three-phase
supply connection.
Rating from 10 Amp ….100 Amp
RCCB is therefore extremely important in providing
real time protection for circuits. In industries and
high voltage commercial set ups especially, its
importance cannot be undermined as there is always
risk of shocks and accidental deaths on account of it.
At C&S Electric, we offer Wintrip RCCB, a state-of-the-
art product fit for industrial, residential and
commercial application. C&S RCCBs conforms to IEC
61008 – 1 and is used for both control and isolation
of electrical circuits. Being a respected global brand
for power management products for over 50 years,
with C&S Electric you can rest assured knowing that
End of syllabus

Thank you students