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Ketogenic Diet - Presentation

The document discusses the ketogenic diet. It begins by outlining what a ketogenic diet is, including that it is high in fats, moderate in proteins, and very low in carbohydrates. It then covers the history of the ketogenic diet, how it works biochemically in the body, advantages and disadvantages, effects shown in human and rodent trials, and conclusions regarding its use and need for further research.

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4K views14 pages

Ketogenic Diet - Presentation

The document discusses the ketogenic diet. It begins by outlining what a ketogenic diet is, including that it is high in fats, moderate in proteins, and very low in carbohydrates. It then covers the history of the ketogenic diet, how it works biochemically in the body, advantages and disadvantages, effects shown in human and rodent trials, and conclusions regarding its use and need for further research.

Uploaded by

Maya Ballout
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Ketogenic Diet

BIO227
Maya Ballout
20188034
Outline
I. Introduction
II. What is the Ketogenic Diet?
i. Types of Ketogenic diets
ii. Function
III. History
IV. Biochemistry point of view
V. Advantages vs Disadvantages
VI. Trials
VII.Conclusion
VIII.References
Introduction

• Despite continuous advances in the medical world, obesity


continues to remain a major worldwide health hazard with adult
mortality as high as 2.8 million per year.
• The majority of chronic diseases like diabetes, hypertension,
and heart disease are largely related to obesity which is usually
a product of unhealthy lifestyle and poor dietary habits.
• One diet regimen that has proven to be very effective for rapid
weight loss is a very-low-carbohydrate and high-fat ketogenic
diet.
What is the Ketogenic Diet?

• In the Keto diet, the fat to carbohydrate


ratio is 5:1.
• A ketogenic diet primarily consists of:
• high-fats,
• moderate-proteins, and
• very-low-carbohydrates.
• The dietary macronutrients are divided into approximately 55%
to 60% fat, 30% to 35% protein and 5% to 10% carbohydrates.
Specifically, in a 2000 kcal per day diet, carbohydrates amount
up to 20 to 50 g per day.
Types of Ketogenic Diets

• Standard ketogenic diet (SKD): This • Targeted ketogenic diet (TKD): This
is a very low-carbohydrate with diet permits adding additional
moderate-protein and high-fat diet. carbohydrates around the periods of
It typically contains 70 per cent the intensive physical workout.
fat, 20 per cent protein and only 10
• High-protein ketogenic diet (HPKD):
per cent carbohydrates.
This diet includes more protein and
• Cyclical ketogenic diet (CKD): This the ratio around 60 per cent fat, 35
diet involves periods of higher- per cent protein and five per cent
carbohydrates in between the carbohydrates but as can be seen, it is
ketogenic diet cycles, for example, still a very high fat diet.
five ketogenic days followed by two The SKD and HPKD have been used extensively. The
high-carbohydrate days as a cycle. cyclical and targeted ketogenic diets are recent
additions and mostly used by bodybuilders or athletes.
Function

• People on a ketogenic diet initially


experience rapid weight loss up to 10 lbs
in 2 weeks or less.
• This diet has a diuretic effect, and some
early weight loss is due to water weight
loss followed by a fat loss.
• Interestingly with this diet plan, lean
body muscle is largely spared. As a
nutritional ketosis state sustains, hunger
pangs subside, and an overall reduction
in caloric intake helps to further weight
loss.
One of the mechanisms of a ketogenic diet in

History epilepsy may be related to increased availability of


beta-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body readily
transported through the blood-brain barrier.

• Russel Wilder first used the ketogenic diet to treat epilepsy in


1921.
• He also coined the term "ketogenic diet." For almost a
decade, the ketogenic diet enjoyed a place in the medical
world as a therapeutic diet for pediatric epilepsy and was
widely used until its popularity ceased with the introduction of
antiepileptic agents.
• The resurgence of the ketogenic diet as a rapid weight loss
formula is a relatively new concept the has shown to be quite
effective, at least in the short run.
Biochemistry point of view

• All ketogenic diets contain a very low carbohydrate percentage.


• Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy production in body tissues.
• After a few days with such drastically reduced carbohydrate consumption
(below 50 g/day), glucose reserves become insufficient, both for normal fat
oxidation through the supply of oxaloacetate in the Krebs cycle and for the
supply of glucose to the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS cannot use
fatty acids as a source of nutrition. Hence, after 3-4 days of carbohydrate
restriction, the CNS is forced to find an alternative source of energy. This
alternative source of energy is ketones. Ketone bodies are produced in the
liver and are of two types: acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate. As ketone
bodies are produced by breakdown of fats, ketosis is the most reliable
indicator of fat loss.
• Two metabolic processes come into action when there is low carbohydrate
availability in body tissues: gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis.
• Gluconeogenesis is the endogenous production of glucose in the body,
especially in the liver primarily from lactic acid, glycerol, and the amino acids
alanine and glutamine.
• When glucose availability drops further, the endogenous production of glucose
is not able to keep up with the needs of the body and ketogenesis begins in
order to provide an alternate source of energy in the form of ketone bodies.
• Ketone bodies replace glucose as a primary source of energy.
• During ketogenesis due to low blood glucose feedback, stimulus for insulin
secretion is also low, which sharply reduces the stimulus for fat and glucose
storage.
• This metabolic state is referred to as "nutritional ketosis." As long as the body
is deprived of carbohydrates, metabolism remains in the ketotic state. The
nutritional ketosis state is considered quite safe, as ketone bodies are
produced in small concentrations without any alterations in blood pH. It
greatly differs from ketoacidosis, a life-threatening condition where ketone
bodies are produced in extremely larger concentrations, altering blood ph to
acidotic a state.
Advantages vs. Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages
• Antiobesity treatment • muscle cramps,
• blood sugar control. • bad breath,
• neurological disorders such as • changes in bowel habits,
Alzheimer's disease, dementia, • loss of energy
ALS, traumatic brain injury
• Long-term adverse effects include hepatic steatosis,
• antiepileptic treatments hypoproteinemia, kidney stones, and vitamin and
• In some cases, a ketogenic diet is far mineral deficiencies.
better than modern anticonvulsants
• Keto-flu
• could act as a mood stabilizer in • short-term side effects of ketogenic diet include a
bipolar illness collection of symptoms like nausea, vomiting,
headache, fatigue, dizziness, insomnia, difficulty in
exercise tolerance, and constipation.
Effects of the Ketogenic Diet
Both trials done humans and rodents show a KD may be associated with some improvements in some cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity,
type 2 diabetes and HDL cholesterol levels, but these effects are usually limited in time. As KD are often rich in fats, some negative effects could
happen. Mainly in rodents, developments of NAFLD and insulin resistance were described. In humans, insulin resistance is also a potential
negative effect, but some studies have shown improvements in insulin sensitivity. Nevertheless, many subjects contemplating such diets are
overweight or obese at baseline, and even a moderate weight loss could be metabolically beneficial for them.
Conclusion

• Long-term compliance is low and can be a big issue with a ketogenic diet, but
this is the case with any lifestyle change.  Even though the ketogenic diet is
significantly superior in the induction of weight loss in otherwise
healthy patients with obesity and the induced weight loss is rapid, intense, and
sustained until at least 2 year, the understanding of the clinical impacts, safety,
tolerability, efficacy, duration of treatment, and prognosis after discontinuation
of the diet is challenging and requires further studies to understand the disease-
specific mechanisms.
• A ketogenic diet may be followed for a minimum of 2 to 3 weeks up to 6 to 12
months. Close monitoring of renal functions while on a ketogenic diet is
imperative, and the transition from a ketogenic diet to a standard diet should be
gradual and well controlled. Hence, monitoring individuals on keto-diet closely
once or twice a month for blood glucose, ketones cardiac and other parameters
is essential
References

• Ketogenic Diet, Wajeed Masood; Kalyan R. Uppaluri, March 21,


2019.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499830/
• Long-term effects of a ketogenic diet in obese patients; Hussein M
Dashti. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716748/
• Ketogenic diets: Boon or bane?; Joshi Shilpa; Viswanathan Mohan.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6251269/
• Effects of ketogenic diets in rodents and humans. https
://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5452247/

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