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BASICS OF WELDING AND

WELDING SYMBOLS
CONTENT:

 Introduction

 Definition: Welding

 Welding Terminology

 Basics of Welding Symbol

 Welding processes and letter designation

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Introduction
• Weld symbols on drawings was originally published in 1982 based on

BS 499 (British Standards Institution 1980)

ISO 2553 (International Organization For Standardization 1979)
ANSI/AWS A2.4 (American Welding Society-1979) standards

• the current standards are ISO 2553 1992, BSEN 22553 1995, and
ANSI/AWS A2.4 1998

• Purpose of welding in drawing

- Shorthand for designers,
- Assures understanding,
- Universal language
- Provides information on Length, penetration, height, grove
type, number of welds, size of weld, filler material, weld
shape, surface finishing,

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Welding Definitions

Welding is a process of joining two similar work pieces by

melting them together, usually with an additional filler rod of
some sort to take up space. Materials must be similar .

 Welding is a joining process that uses heat, pressure, and/or

chemicals to fuse two materials together permanently

 The American Welding Society (AWS) definition for a welding

process is "a materials joining process which produces
coalescence of materials by heating them to suitable
temperatures with or without the application of pressure or by
the application of pressure alone and with or without the use of
filler material".

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Welding Terminology

 Welded joint types - Structural joints which are

established by positions of the connected material
relative to one another
 Weld Types -Weld types define the configuration of the
weld and its underlying design approach.
Most common are
Fillet welds
Groove welds
 Welded penetration (for Groove welds)
 Weld symbols
 Size of weld
 Length of weld

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Welded Joint Types

There are 5 basic types of welded joints:

•Butt

•Lap Butt
Lap Corner
•Corner

•Tee
Edge
•Edge Tee

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Weld Types

• Weld types are categorized by the weld shape or the type of groove that
is filled with welding material.

• Most common types of welds are:

– Groove
– Fillet
– Plug
– Slot

• Other types of welds are:

– Flange
– Flare
– Seam

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Weld Symbols
It’s a small drawing that can be usually interpreted as a simplified
cross section of the weld as below,

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Fillet Welds
•Fillet welds are theoretically triangular in cross-section

•Fillet welds join two surfaces at approximately right angles

to each other in lap, tee, and corner joints

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Groove Welds
• Groove welds are specified when a fillet weld is not appropriate for the job
 The configuration of the pieces may not permit fillet welding
 A strength greater than that provided by a fillet weld is required
• Groove welds are made in the space or groove between the two pieces being
welded

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Weld penetration
Groove welds fall into two categories

Full penetration – the entire member cross-section is welded

Partial penetration – just part of the member cross-section is welded

Fillet Full penetration Partial penetration

single bevel single bevel
groove weld groove weld

Full penetration Partial penetration

Plug double vee single J groove
groove weld weld

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Tack Weld (Top right)

A temporary weld used to hold parts in
place while more extensive, final welds
are made

Continuous Weld

A weld which extends continuously from

one end of a joint to the other

Stitch Weld (Bottom right)

A series of welds of a specified length

that are spaced a specified distance
from each other

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Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol

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•Reference Line - Always Horizontal

Reference Line (Required element)

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•Arrow Line - Arrow points to the line or lines on drawing which

clearly identify the proposed joint or weld area.

Reference Line (Required element)

Arrow (or
Leader)

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•Tail - The tail of the welding symbol is used to indicate the welding
or cutting processes, as well as the welding specification, procedures,
or the supplementary information to be used in making the weld.

Reference Line (Required element)

Arrow

Tail

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Welding Specification

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Arrow side Other side Both sides

All-around
Melt through Backing or spacer

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Basic Weld Symbols

• Weld symbols are used to communicate the specific details and
requirements of each weld to the welder
• Weld symbols are included on fabrication and erection drawings

Field Weld Symbol Horizontal Weld Line Tail

Note
(Indicating this is
a typical weld)
Leader Line

Length and Spacing of

weld (In Inches)

Size of weld Basic Weld Symbol

(In Inches) (Fillet weld symbol shown)
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Size of Weld

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Size of Weld

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Length of Welds

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Size of Bevels

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8 Basic weld symbols

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Welding Process

• Gas Welding
• Arc Welding
• Brazing
• Soldering
• Resistance Welding
• Solid State Welding
• Other Welding

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WELDING PROCESSES

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Gas Welding


Uses Flame from burning gas to create welding heat.

Arc welding


Uses an electric arc to create welding heat.

Soldering:
Bonding by melting a soft metal to the surface of pieces to be joined. Low
temperature. Good for joining dis-similar materials. Most common solders
are lead-tin alloys.

Brazing:
Similar to soldering, but uses a higher temperature to fuse the filler metal to
the work pieces. Stronger bond. (Includes "Silver Soldering") Work heated to
pre-melt temperatures

Resistance Welding
a group of welding processes which produces coalescence of metals with the
heat obtained from resistance of the work to electric current in a circuit of
which the work is a part, and by the application of pressure.

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
Solid State Welding
a group of welding processes which produces coalescence at


temperatures essentially below the melting point of the base materials

being joined without the addition of a brazing filler metal. Pressure may
or may not be used.

Other Welding Processes

This group of processes includes those, which are not best defined under
the other groupings. It consists of the following processes: electron
beam welding, laser beam welding, thermit welding, and other
miscellaneous welding processes in addition to electro slag welding
which was mentioned previously.


Cutting
Work is heated to melting point and beyond, and "cut" by oxidizing


metal. (Literally burning it away).

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WELDING PROCESSES AND LETTER DESIGNATION

Oxyfuel Gas Welding

Oxyacetylene Welding (OAW )

Oxyhydrogen Welding (OHW )
Pressure Gas Welding (PGW)

Arc welding
Carbon Arc (CAW )
Flux Cored Arc (FCAW )
Gas Metal Arc (GMAW )
Gas Tungsten Arc (GTAW )
Plasma Arc Shielded Metal Arc (PAW )
Shielded Metal Arc (SMAW )
Stud Arc (SW )
Stud Arc Submerged Arc (SAW )

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WELDING PROCESSES AND LETTER DESIGNATION

Soldering
Dip Soldering (DS)
Furnace Soldering (FS)
Induction Soldering (IS)
Infrared Soldering (IRS)
Iron Soldering (INS)
Resistance Soldering (RS)
Torch Soldering (TS)
Wave Soldering (WS)

Brazing
Diffusion Brazing (DFB)
Dip Brazing (DB)
Furnace Brazing (FB)
Induction Brazing (IB)
Infrared Brazing (IRB)
Resistance Brazing (RB)
Torch Brazing (TB)

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WELDING PROCESSES AND LETTER DESIGNATION

Resistance Welding
Flash Welding (FW)
High Frequency Resistance (HFRW)
Percussion Welding (PEW)
Projection Welding (RPW)
Resistance-Seam Welding (RSEW)
Resistance-Spot Welding (RSW)
Upset Welding (UW)

Solid State Welding

Cold Welding (CW)
Diffusion Welding (DFW)
Explosion Welding (EXW)
Forge Welding (FOW)
Friction Welding (FRW)
Hot Pressure Welding (HPW)
Roll Welding (ROW)
Ultrasonic Welding (USW)

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