Types of Electoral System

Electoral Registration
• An Electoral Registration provides an eleventh-hour opportunity, as it were, for

individuals to be registered or to have their registration status rectified before
an upcoming election. It commences on the basis of a presidential
proclamation which directs that the “… electoral registration “shall be
conducted in the Registration Area Offices or the Temporary Registration Area
Offices established in the electoral district in which the election is to be held.
• The presidential proclamation specifies “… the election to which the
proclamation relates, and (fixes) the date of commencement of an electoral
registration.” The nine days of the electoral registration is the time during
which registration activities relevant to the staging of an election are held,
facilitating persons who have:-
– attained the age of 18 and over but who have not been registered as electors or,
– been registered as electors but changed their addresses and not yet notified the
relevant registration officer of such change or,
– been registered as electors and changed their names because of marriage or
otherwise, or
– been registered as electors but their names are not on the Preliminary List
• “The ninth day after the date fixed as the date of
commencement of an electoral registration is called the
“qualifying date”. For example, if electoral registration
commences on, say, 16th March 200x then the
qualifying date is 25th March 200x. That is to say it is
the day after registration for an electoral registration
closes. And from the qualifying date to the date
proclaimed by the President as the termination of an
electoral registration, no registration transaction
affecting the register of electors can be effected.
Subject to the provisions of the Representation of the People Act (op. cit) “…
– attained the age of 18 and over but who have not

been registered as electors or,
– been registered as electors but changed their
addresses and not yet notified the relevant
registration officer of such change or,
– been registered as electors and changed their
names because of marriage or otherwise, or
– been registered as electors but their names are
not on the Preliminary List
• a (registered) person is qualified to be an
elector for an electoral district at a
Parliamentary election, a Regional
Corporation election or the Tobago House of
Assembly (THA) election, who on the
qualifying date has resided in that electoral
district for a period of at least two months
preceding the qualifying date.”
The Notice of Election of a member/members* for the Electoral
District of ….. (Form No. 35 in the Prescribed Form Rules) indicates:
– the address of the office of the Returning Officer;

– the dates and hours of operations of the office;
– the date and time for the preliminary examination of
nomination papers;
– the date and hours of operation for the nomination of
candidates;
– the date and hours for the conduct of the poll;
– the date and time for the declaration of the results of
the poll; and
– the date and time for a recount, if it is requested.
List of Electors
• During an election year the Commission is

obliged to publish four (4) types of List of
Electors.
– The Annual List
– The Preliminary List
– The Revised List
– The Supplemental List
ELECTORAL SYSTEM
• An electoral system is a set of rules that
determine how elections and referendums are
conducted and how their results are
determined. Political electoral systems are
organized by governments, while non-political
elections may take place in business, non-
profit organizations and informal
organizations.
TYPES OF ELECTORAL SYSTEM
• Plurality systems
• Proportional systems
• Mixed systems
• Additional features
• Primary elections
• Indirect elections
• Systems used outside politics
PLURALITY SYSTEMS
• Plurality voting is a system in which the candidate(s) with

the highest number of vote wins, with no requirement to
get a majority of votes.
• In cases where there is a single position to be filled, it is
known as first-past-the-post; this is the second most
common electoral system for national legislatures, with 58
countries using it to elect their legislatures, the vast
majority of which are current or former British or American
colonies or territories.
• It is also the second most common system used for
presidential elections, being used in 19 countries.
PROPORTIONAL SYSTEMS
•Proportional representation is the most widely used electoral system for national
legislatures, with the parliaments of over eighty countries elected by various forms
of the system.
•Party-list proportional representation is the single most common electoral system
and is used by 80 countries, and involves voters voting for a list of candidates
proposed by a party.
•In closed list systems voters do not have any influence over the candidates put
forward by the party, but in open list systems voters are able to both vote for the
party list and influence the order in which candidates will be assigned seats.
• In some countries, notably Israel and the Netherlands, elections are carried out
using 'pure' proportional representation, with the votes tallied on a national level
before assigning seats to parties.
•However, in most cases several multi-member constituencies are used rather than
a single nationwide constituency, giving an element of geographical representation.
•However, this can result in the distribution of seats not reflecting the national vote
totals. As a result, some countries have leveling seats to award to parties whose
seat totals are lower than their proportion of the national vote.
MIXED SYSTEMS
• In several countries, mixed systems are used to elect the
legislature.
• These include parallel voting and
mixed-member proportional representation.
• In parallel voting systems, which are used in 20
countries, there are two methods by which members of a
legislature are elected; part of the membership is elected by
a plurality or majority vote in single-member constituencies
and the other part by proportional representation.
• The results of the constituency vote has no effect on the
outcome of the proportional vote.
ADDITIONAL FEATURES
• Some electoral systems feature a majority bonus system to
either ensure one party or coalition gains a majority in the
legislature, or to give the party receiving the most votes a
clear advantage in terms of the number of seats.
• In Greece the party receiving the most votes is given an
additional 50 seats, San Marino has a modified two-round
system, which sees a second round of voting featuring the
top two parties or coalitions if there is no majority in the
first round.
• The winner of the second round is guaranteed 35 seats in
the 60-seat Grand and General Council.
PRIMARY ELECTIONS
• Primary elections are a feature of some electoral systems,
either as a formal part of the electoral system or informally
by choice of individual political parties as a method of
selecting candidates, as is the case in Italy.
• Primary elections limit the risk of vote splitting by ensuring
a single party candidate.
• In Argentina they are a formal part of the electoral system
and take place two months before the main elections; any
party receiving less than 1.5% of the vote is not permitted
to contest the main elections. In the United States, there
are both partisan and non-partisan primary elections.
INDIRECT ELECTIONS
• Some elections feature an indirect electoral system, whereby there is either
no popular vote, or the popular vote is only one stage of the election; in
these systems the final vote is usually taken by an electoral college.
• In several countries, such as Mauritius or Trinidad and Tobago, the post of
President is elected by the legislature.
• In others like India, the vote is taken by an electoral college consisting of the
national legislature and state legislatures.
• In the United States, the president is indirectly elected using a two-stage
process; a popular vote in each state elects members to the electoral college
that in turn elects the President.
• This can result in a situation where a candidate who receives the most votes
nationwide does not win the electoral college vote, as most recently
happened in 2000 and 2016.
SYSTEMS USED OUTSIDE POLITICS
• In addition to the various electoral systems in

use in the political sphere, there are
numerous others, some of which are
proposals and some of which have been
adopted for usage in business (such as
electing corporate board members) or for
organisations but not for public elections.
FPTP
• Is an outdated undemocratic system which
leaves voters feeling as thought their vote
doesn’t count and so could lead to a
participation crisis within the UK. With citizens
looking elsewhere done than to the two party
system it may be time to introduce a new
electoral system. However the benefits of
FPTP must be taken to account as it is a simple
system which is easy for voters to understand.
Advantages
• Easy to understand – doesn’t confuse voters = less spoiled
ballots
• Usually creates a strong, stable, majority government
• Exclude extremist parties from representation in the
legislature
• Link between constituents and their representatives - MP’s
have unique concerns for their local constituents
• Clear election outcome – one party usually wins minority or
seats and forms a government
• Legitimicy – person with the most votes wins
• Accountability – clear MP is responsible for their constituent
Disadvantages
• Most members of the parliament are elected less than 50% of the total votes cast
on their constituencies
• 2005 general election – labor won with a 32.5% vote – the lowest of any majority
government
• works to the advantage of political parties who’s support is concentrated in certain
areas which favor's the two main parties
• safe seats – leads to people feeling their votes no longer count = voter apathy and
lower turn out
• leads to tactical voting which doesn’t represent the electorates true political views
• disproportionate – causes us to question if the UK is democratic if only a small
percentage of voters are being represented in government
• 2010 coalition and 2017 hung parliament is proof FTPT doesn’t always lead to
strong majority governments
• party can form a government with less than 50% of the vote, Tories won 2017
general election with 42%
• Leads to adversarial politics – winning party + opposition criticize each other
instead of working together
THANK YOU!!!
Submitted by:
Erika Kate Santianes
Submitted to:
Mrs. Cristine S. Sodusta

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Electoral Registration

• An Electoral Registration provides an eleventh-hour opportunity, as it were, for

– attained the age of 18 and over but who have not

– the address of the office of the Returning Officer;

• During an election year the Commission is

• Plurality voting is a system in which the candidate(s) with

• In addition to the various electoral systems in

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