Types of Modulator

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Types of Modulator

INTRODUCTION

What is MODULATION
- Process of varying a periodic waveform, ex tone, in order to use signal
to convey a message (general definition)

What is MODULATOR
- Devices that perform modulation.

Switching MODULATOR
- Switching modulation is the other carriers such as “square waves” can
be used instead of sinusoidal waves to modulate the message signal.
- Device that multiplying information signal by any periodic digital signal
Reasons for modulation

– Simultaneous transmission of several signals


(change information into suitable form for
transmission through medium)
– Practical Design of Antennas
– Exchange of power and bandwidth
Types of Modulator

i) Balanced Modulator
ii) Balanced Ring Modulator
iii) Switching Modulator: Diode Bridge
iv) Switching Modulator: Series Bridge Diode
Switching Modulator
Series-Bridge Modulator :Circuit
Diagram
OPERATION

 Diode bridge modulator driven by sinusoid


A cos c t to produce the switching action.
 Diodes D1, D2, and D3, D4 are matched pair.
 When the signal cos c t is of a polarity that will
make terminal c positive(+) with respect to d, all
the diodes conduct.
 Because D1 and D2 are matched, terminal a
and b have the same potential and are
effectively shorted.
 During the next half-cycle, terminal d is (+ve)
with respect to c and all 4 diodes open, thus
opening terminal a and b.
 The diode bridge serves as a desired electronic
switch, where the terminal a and b open and
closed periodically, with the carrier frequency
(fc) when a sinusoid A cos c t is applied across
the terminal cd.
 To obtain the signal m(t)  (t ), place terminal ab
in series to be known as series bridge diode
modulator.
 This switching on and off, of m(t) repeats for
each cycles of the carrier, resulting in the
switched signal m(t)  (t ) , which when
bandpass filtered, yields  2  .
 m(t ) cos c t
 
Let , m(t )  message signal
 (t )  periodic signal

Periodic signal can be exp ressed as



 (t )  C
n 0
n cos(n c t   n ) (1)

Hence,

m(t ) (t )  C
n 0
n m(t ) cos(n c t   n ) (2)

This shows that the spectrum of the product m(t ) (t ) is the spectrum M( ) shifted to
  c ,2 c ,3 c ................  n c ,.......

If this signal is passed through a bandpass filter of bandwidth 2B Hz and tuned to  c


then the desired modulated signal is
C1 m(t ) cos( c t   1 )

The Fourier series of the square pulse train w(t) is


1 2 1 1
w(t)   (cos  c t  cos 3 c t  cos 5 c t   (3)
2  3 5
1 2 1 1
The signal m(t)w(t)  m(t )  ( m(t ) cos  c t  m(t ) cos 3 c t  m(t ) cos 5 c t   (4)
2  3 5
Switching Modulator: Diode Bridge
Diode Bridge Operation

A typical configuration of diode–bridge modulator is shown below,


where c(t) = cos(Ct).

D1 D3

HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t) BW = 4B rad/s
= 2B Hz
c(t)
D2 D4
When c(t) < 0, all diodes are turned off and therefore, the circuit
simplifies to the following

D1 D3

HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t)  BW = 4B rad/s
= 2B Hz
c(t)
D2 D4

Therefore, the current of the message source m(t) passes through the 1 
resistor and creates a voltage across the resistor that is equal to m(t)
Volts.
However, when c(t) > 0, all diodes become forward–biased (they
become like conductors), and therefore the circuit simplifies to

HBPF()
Cntr Freq. = C vx = m(t).cos(Ct)
m(t)  BW = 4B rad/s
= 2B Hz

So, all current of the message source passes through the short
circuit and no current passes through the resistor. This leaves the
voltage across the resistor to be zero.
Hence, the signal at the input of the BPF is equal to the message signal
when the carrier is negative ( c(t) < 0 ) and equal to zero (c(t) > 0)
when the carrier is positive.

This is simply like multiplying the message signal with a square wave
that has a frequency equal to the carrier frequency.

The BPF removes the all higher harmonics of this signal resulting in a
DSBSC signal at its output.
Switching Modulator: Diode Bridge
Switching modulator

– Avoid heavy filtering by not generating higher


frequencies (i.e:large capacitor use).
– A switching circuit is suitable for pulse modulating
a high frequency carrier signal.
CONCLUSION

- Switching modulator use to eliminate the


unnecessary harmonic (ex. DSBSC) because
it contains the same information.
 Also known as ‘Balance Mixer’, ‘Product
Modulator’ and ‘Product Detector’.
 Used extensively in both transmit and receive
for AM ,FM and many of digital modulation
scheme.
 A balanced modulator generates a DSB signal.
 The inputs to a balanced modulator are the
carrier and a modulating signal.
Non linear modulator
Non linear modulator:
y (t )  ax(t )  bx 2 (t ) (1)

Where x(t)  input signal


y(t)  output signal

2 2
z(t)  y1 (t )  y 2 (t )  [ax1 (t )  bx1 (t )]  [ax2 (t )  bx2 (t )]

Substituting x1 (t )  cos  c t  m(t ) and x 2 (t )  cos  c t  m(t ) in the above equation yields

z (t )  2am(t )  4bm(t ) cos  c t


 The output of a
balanced modulator is
the upper and the
lower sidebands.
 The balanced
modulator suppress
the carrier, leaving
only the sum and
differences frequency
at the output.
ADVANTAGES

 Noise reduction
 Carrier suppression
BALANCE RING MODULATOR

 Balance ring modulator is a modulator that


uses tubes or diodes to suppress the carrier
signal while providing double-sideband
output.
 Figure of slide 24:
– Constructed with diodes and transformer.
– Diode are ideally suited because:
 Stability
 Require no external power source
 Long-life
 No maintenance
– Also known balance lattice modulator or simply
balance modulator.
– Has two inputs.
 Single frequency carrier
 Modulating signal
Schematic Diagram
Circuit operation:
 With the carrier polarity as shown in Figure 6-5b,
diode switches D1 and D2 are forward biased and
on, while diode switches D3 and D4 are reverse
biased and off.
 When the polarity of the carrier reverse, as shown in
Figure 6-5c, diode switches D1 and D2 are reverse
biased and off, while diode D3 and D4 are forward
biased and on.
 Carrier current flows from its source to the center
taps on T1 and T2.
 Thus, their magnetic field cancel in the secondary
windings of the transformer and the carrier is
suppressed.
Conclusion

 Positive half cycle D1 and D2


conduct
 Negative half cycle D3 and D4
conduct
 The output from balance modulator consist of
RF pulse

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