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Session 1. Introduction To Physiology

This document provides an introduction to human physiology presented by Dr. Moses Kayungi. It discusses the definition of physiology, the different levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It introduces homeostasis and homeostatic control systems, including feedback mechanisms like negative and positive feedback loops. It describes the internal environment and fluid compartments in the body. Finally, it discusses the different mechanisms that regulate body functions including chemical, nervous, and local autoregulation as well as feedback and feed-forward control systems that act to maintain homeostasis.

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192 views33 pages

Session 1. Introduction To Physiology

This document provides an introduction to human physiology presented by Dr. Moses Kayungi. It discusses the definition of physiology, the different levels of organization in the human body from cells to organ systems. It introduces homeostasis and homeostatic control systems, including feedback mechanisms like negative and positive feedback loops. It describes the internal environment and fluid compartments in the body. Finally, it discusses the different mechanisms that regulate body functions including chemical, nervous, and local autoregulation as well as feedback and feed-forward control systems that act to maintain homeostasis.

Uploaded by

Brian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 33

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.

D 1

SESSION 1
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY
3-Apr-18
Learning Objectives
2

 Describe functional organization of human body


 a) Describe general concept of physiology
 b) Explain levels of organization (chemical an
d cellular levels, tissue levels, organ and or
gan systems levels)
 c) Explain homeostasis and homeostatic control
systems
 d) Describe feedback mechanism (negative feedb
ack loops, positive feedback loops and feed fo
rward mechanisms)
Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
Section I What is Physiology?
• Physiology: biological sciences
• dealing with the normal life phenomena
exhibited by all living organisms.
• Human physiology: basic sciences
• dealing with normal life phenomena of the
human body.
• Goal of physiology:
• explain the physical and chemical factors
that are responsible for the origin,
3 development and progression of life.
Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
Human Physiology
4

 Physiology: (Greek) The study of nature, th


e involvement of Physics and Chemistry.
 The basis for

 Pathophysiology
 Pharmacology
 Immunology
 Biochemistry
 Microbiology
Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
Why do we study Physiology?

Understand the physical and


chemical principle underlie normal
function in order to cure the
impairments.

5 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Different Level of Physiological Research

Organization of the human body

Organisms
Organ
(Human body)
Organs systems
Tissues
Cells
6 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
The integration between systems of the body

7 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Section II Internal Environment and Homeostasis

Total body water = 60 % BW


Extracellular fluid
Blood Plasma 1/5
1/3 Interstitial fluid 4/5

Intracellular fluid
2/3
= 40 % BW

8 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Internal environment
Intracellular
fluid

Plasma

Interstitial fluid

Extracellular fluid directly baths body cells


Internal environment = Extracellular fluid
9 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
Extracellular fluids
Intracellular
fluid
2. Plasma

1. Interstitial fluid
3. Fluid of special compartments: pericardial fluid, pleural fluid,
cerebrospinal fluid
10 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
Homeostasis
• Maintenance of Relatively Constant Chemical/Physical
Conditions of the internal environment.
 Claude Bernard__(1813-1878) France

...The internal environment remains relatively constant


though there are changes in the external environment

11 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Homeostasis
12

 Walter Bradford Cannon, (1871– 1945),


 The concept of Homeostasis

 stable =/= rigidity, can vary within narr


ow limit (normal physiological range)
 The golden goal of every organ :
 to maintain homeostasis
 (concept of REGULATION)

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Normal Physiological ranges
 In fasting blood
Arterial pH 7.35-7.45
Bicarbonate 24-28 mEq/L
O2 content17.2-22.0 ml/100 ml
Total lipid 400-800 mg/100 ml
Glucose 75-110 mg/100 ml

13 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Homeostasis & Controls

• Successful
compensation
• Homeostasis
reestablished
• Failure to compensate
• Pathophysiology
• Illness
• Death
14 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
15 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
16 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
17 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
Section 3 Regulation of the Body Functions
18

 Regulation- the ability of an organism to ma


intain a stable internal conditions in a con
stantly changing environment
 Three types:
 1. Chemical (hormonal) Regulation
 2. Nervous Regulation
 3. Autoregulation

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Chemical (hormonal) Regulati
19
on
 a regulatory process performed by hor
mone or active chemical substance in
blood or tissue.
 response slowly
 acts extensively
 lasts for a long time.

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Nervous Regulation
20

 a process in which body functions are


controlled by nerve system
Pathway: nerve reflex
 Types: unconditioned reflex and conditione
d reflex
 Example: baroreceptor reflex of arterial b
lood pressure
 Characteristics:
 response fast
 acts exactly or locally
 last for a short time

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Autoregulation
21

 a tissue or an organ can directly resp


ond to environmental changes
 independent of nervous and hormonal contro
l
 Characteristics ：
 Amplitude of the regulation is smaller than oth
er two types.
 Extension of the effects is smaller than other
two types.

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Regulation of the Body Function
22
s
 The three regulations have coordinated an
d acts as one system, “feedback control
system”.

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Section 4 Control System in the Human Body
23

 Feedback Control
 Feed-forward control

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Section 4 Control System in the Human Body
24

 Feedback Control
 Feedback: Output (feedback signal) from co
ntrolled organ returns to affect or modify
the action of the control system.
 Feedback control mechanism consists of two
forms:
 Negative feedback control.
 Positive feedback control

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


25

 BRAINSTORMING

 WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY THE TERMS ??


 Negative feedback
 Positive feedback

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Negative feedback
26

 The feedback signals from controlled syst


em produces effect opposite to the action
of the control system.
 The opposite effect is mainly “inhibitor
y action”.

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Negative Feedback: Inhibitory.
Stimulus triggers response to counteract further change in the
same direction.
Negative-feedback mechanisms prevent small changes from
becoming too large.

27 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Importance:

Maintenance of the homeostasis

28 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Positive feedback
 The feedback signal or output from the
controlled system increases the action of the
control system
 Examples:
 Blood clotting
 Micturition
 Defecation
 Na+ inflow in genesis of nerve signals
 Contraction of the uterus during childbirth
29
(parturition) Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18
Positive Feedback: Stimulatory.
Stimulus trigger mechanisms that amplify the
response and reinforces the stimulus.

30 Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Importance:
31

 Enhance the action of original st


imulus or amplify or reinforce ch
ange
 promote an activity to finish
 Vicious circle - can lead to inst
ability or even death

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Feed-forward control
32

 Concept: Direct effect of stimulus on the


control system before the action of feedb
ack signal occurs.
 Disturb signal or interfere signal.
 Example: Shivering before diving into the
cold water

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18


Feed-forward control
33

 Significance of Feedback-forward
:
 adaptive feedback control.
 makes the human body to foresee and
adapt the environment promptly and e
xactly
 (prepare the body for the change).

Dr. Moses Kayungi, M.D 3-Apr-18

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