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DNA is a type of nucleic acid that contains genetic information and is present inside and outside the cell nucleus. It is composed of polynucleotide chains made up of nucleotides, which each contain a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The two types of pentose sugars are deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. DNA exists as a double helix with the two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. The Watson-Crick model established DNA as a double hel

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26 views

Structure of DNA To Be Uploaded

DNA is a type of nucleic acid that contains genetic information and is present inside and outside the cell nucleus. It is composed of polynucleotide chains made up of nucleotides, which each contain a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The two types of pentose sugars are deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. DNA exists as a double helix with the two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine. The Watson-Crick model established DNA as a double hel

Uploaded by

Bibhu Prasad Rath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structure of DNA

BIBHU PRASAD RATH


LECT. IN BOTANY
What is DNA; Why it is there

• DNA is a type of nucleic acids.


• These are the structures those control the
quality and quantity of protein synthesis in
organisms.
• These are present both inside and outside
(mitochondria, chloroplast) the nucleus.
• These biomolecules carry genes those are
coded informations.
Components of DNA
Polynucleotide chains of DNA carry nucleotides as monomers. Nucleotide comprises;
a. Pentoses
The ribose sugar in DNA is a 2 deoxyribose.
b. Nitrogenous bases
These are heterocyclic, planner, relatively water insoluble aromatic molecules. These
are; pyrimidines and purines
c. Phosphate [PO43-]
It is an ion of phosphoric acid [H3PO4]. Phosphate groups are found in every
nucleotide. As these carry negative charges frequently DNA is acidic. These can
be attached to the 3̕̕ or 5̕ C of the pentose.
Pyrimidines;

Single ring compounds, nitrogen in 1 and 3


positions of a benzene ring. In DNA two
types of pyrimidines are found

1. Thymine ; 5-methyl, 2,4-dioxy pyrimidine

2. Cytosine ; 2-oxy, 4-amino pyrimidine

Purines ;

Double ring compounds, comprise a five


membered imidazole ring and a
pyrimidine ring joined at 4th and 5th
position. These are of two types

3. Adenine ; 6-amino purine

4. Guanine ; 6-oxy, 2-amino purine


Watson-Crick model
This model is based on the crystallographic studies
• DNA is a helically twisted double stranded macromolecule.
• The two strands are antiparallel to each other.
• Spirally twisted DNA has two types of alternative grooves i.e. major and minor.
• One turn of DNA has about 10 base pairs with a length of 34Å. Hence each base pair has a
pitch of about 3.4 Å.
• The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between
the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings.
• Glycosidic Bond - In DNA, refers to the nitrogen-carbon linkage between the 9' nitrogen of
purine bases or 1' nitrogen of pyrimidine bases and the 1' carbon of the sugar group.
• The two strands are held together by weak hydrogen bonds. The two strands are
complementary as the purines lie opposite to pyrimidines. Adenine forms two hydrogen bonds
with thymine and cytosine forms three bonds with guanine.
• Purine-pyrimidine pairing is about 20 Å thick.
ADENINE AND THYMINE BONDING
GUANINE AND CYTOSINE BONDING
Special characters of DNA
• DNA is composed of polynucleotide chains
• Two strands of the double helix are wound around each other in an anti-parallel orientation
and have complementary sequences
• Double helix is stabilized by base pairing and base stacking
• Base can flip out from the double helix
• DNA is usually right handed double helix
• Double helix has major and minor grooves
• Major groove is rich in chemical informations
• Double helix exists in multiple conformations
• DNA sometimes can form a left handed helix
• DNA can denature and reassociate
• Some DNA molecules are circular
Types of DNAs

A - DNA B - DNA Z - DNA


• COILING IS RIGHT HANDED • RIGHT HANDED • LEFT HANDED
• PITCH OF A HELIX TURN 28Å • 34Å • 45Å
• MEAN BASE PAIR PER TURN 11 • 10 • 12
• RISE PER BASE PAIR 2.3Å • 3.4Å • 3.8Å
• DIAMETER 26Å • 20Å • 18Å
Factors affecting DNA stability

This stability is important because it prevents the two DNA strands from breaking


apart spontaneously and plays an important role in the way DNA is copied.
a. Hydrogen bonding
It contributes a little to the stability.
b. Base stacking interaction
Base pairs stack together through Van der Waal force of attraction. It contribute
significantly to the overall stability.
c. Ionic interaction
Arrays of negative charges of the phosphate groups along the strands repel each
other to keep the complementary backbones apart. Negative charges are on the
exterior surface to minimize this repulsive effect. Divalent cations like Mg2+ bind
to these anionic phosphates to shield them from one another.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BY JAMES D. WATSON

STRUCTURE OF DNA

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