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    1.cell Structures Students

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    1. The basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms is the cell. All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division. 2. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts (in plant cells), and a plasma membrane. 3. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell activities. Other organelles carry out specific functions like respiration, protein synthesis, transport, and photosynthesis.

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    1.cell Structures Students

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    1. The basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms is the cell. All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division. 2. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts (in plant cells), and a plasma membrane. 3. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell activities. Other organelles carry out specific functions like respiration, protein synthesis, transport, and photosynthesis.

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    1. The basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms is the cell. All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division. 2. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts (in plant cells), and a plasma membrane. 3. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell activities. Other organelles carry out specific functions like respiration, protein synthesis, transport, and photosynthesis.

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    23 views29 pages

    1.cell Structures Students

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    1. The basic unit of structure and function of all living organisms is the cell. All cells arise from pre-existing cells through cell division. 2. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts (in plant cells), and a plasma membrane. 3. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cell activities. Other organelles carry out specific functions like respiration, protein synthesis, transport, and photosynthesis.

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    nucleus

    Cell wall

    1. Cell structure
    http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cells/graphics/timeline.gif

    Cell theory:
    •the basic unit of structure and function of all living organism is the cell
    •All cell arise from pre-existing cells by cell division
    Cell theory
    • Robert Hooke (1665)
    – ’pore-like’ regular structures = ’cells’
    • Schleiden (1838)
    – all plants are made of cells
    • Schwann(1838)
    – all animals are made of cells
     the basic unit of structure and function of all
    living organisms is the cell
    • Virchow(1855)
    all cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell
    division
    Common ancestor cell
    http://0.tqn.com/d/biology/1/0/K/f/animal_vs_plant_cell.jpg
    Animal cell
    Cytoplasm
    ribosome
    lysosome centriole

    Golgi apparatus
    mitochondrion

    plasma membrane

    microfilament rough ER
    endoplasmic reticulum

    nucleus
    plasmodesma vacuole(tonoplast)

    cell wall

    chloroplast
    https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Ant_SEM.jpg

    http://sciencelearn.org.nz/var/sciencelearn/
    storage/images/contexts/exploring-with-
    microscopes/looking-closer/types-of-
    electron-microscope/630959-2-eng-
    NZ/Types-of-electron-microscope.jpg
    • 1m = 1000 mm
    • 1mm= 1000 µm
    • 1µm = 1000 nm
    Eukaryotic cells
    heterochromatin

    euchromatin
    1) Nucleus
    • nuclear envelope
    • nuclear pores
    – exchange between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
    • chromosomes (DNA+ histone proteins)
    – chromatin (loosely coiled)
    – gene
    • control activities of the cell and inheritance
    • nucleolus
    – manufactures ribosomes
    2) centriole

    •used to grow the spindle fibres for nuclear division


    3) endoplasmic reticulum
    – membranes form a system of flattened sacs = cisternae
    – rough ER
    • ribosomes
    – smooth ER
    • make lipids and steroids
    4) ribosome
    – made of RNA and proteins
    – protein synthesis
    5) Golgi apparatus
    – a stack of flattened sacs = cisternae
    – collects, processes and sorts molecules
    – make lysosome
    6) Lysosome
    Formed from the golgi
    - single membrane
    - contains hydrolytic enzymes
    - break down of unwanted structures
    - old organelles
    - whole cell
    7) Mitochondrion
    – two membranes
    • cristae (inner membrane)
    • matrix (inside)
    – aerobic respiration (make ATP)
    – synthesis of lipids
    8)Plasma membrane
    – partially permeable
    – controlling exchange between cell and its environment
    • gives the cell shape
    Cell wall • prevents the cell from bursting
    • Plasmodesma porelike structures
    Cell sap (fluid)
    The central
    vacuole
    – tonoplast
    • controls exchange
    between vacuole and the
    cytoplast
    – Cell sap
    • mineral salts, sugars,
    oxygen, carbon dioxide
    • pigments of petals ,red
    pigment of beetroot

    tonoplast – regulates the osmotic


    properties of cell
    Chloroplast
    • envelope (inner and outer membranes)
    • grana (stacks of membranes)
    • stroma (inside)
    • carries out photosynthesis
    Prokaryotic cell
    9) Cilia and flagella
    • Cilia • Flagella
    – Thousands / cell – One or two / cell
    – Shorter than flagella – Longer than cilia
    – Can beat in one – Can beat like a wave
    direction
    Cilia and flagella
    Structures of eukaryotic cell
    Cell wall
    mitochondria respiration
    nutrition

    flagella centriole

    irritability
    organism reproduction
    nucleus
    cytoplasm

    Golgi apparatus
    movement
    growth
    ribosome central vacuole
    excretion
    rough ER
    lysosome
    chloroplast plasma membrane
    smooth ER

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