4.2 Introduction To Cells: Unit 4: Cell Structure and Function

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4.

2 INTRODUCTION TO
CELLS
UNIT 4: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CELLS COME IN A VARIETY OF SHAPES
AND SIZES THAT SUIT THEIR DIVERSE
FUNCTION. THERE ARE AT LEAST 200
TYPES OF CELLS.
Explain the relationship between cell shape and cell
Explain function.

Identify Identify the factor that limits cell size.

STUDENT
OBJECTIVE Describe Describe the three basic parts of a cell.

S
Compare Compare prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

Analyze the relationship among cells, tissues,


Analyze organs, organ systems, and organisms.
CELL DIVERSITY
• Cells of different organisms
and even cells within the
same organism are very
diverse in terms of shape,
size, and internal
organization. 
CELL SHAPE

• The diversity of cell shapes


reflects the different
functions of cells.
• A cell’s shape can be simple
or complex depending on the
function of the cell.
• Each cell has a shape that
has evolved to allow the cell
to perform its function
effectively.
CELL SIZE
• Cells can have very different
sizes.
• The size of a cell is limited
by the relationship of the
cells outer surface area to its
volume, or its surface area-
to-volume ratio.
BASIC PARTS OF A
CELL

• 3 basic features are common to


all cell types:
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Control center
PLASMA MEMBRANE
• The plasma membrane is the cell’s outer boundary.
• It covers the cell and acts as a barrier between the cell and the outside.
CYTOPLASM

• Cytoplasm:
• All the fluid
• The cytoskeleton
• All of the organelles (except
nucleus)
• Cytosol is the part of the cytoplasm
that includes molecules and small
particles, but without the membrane-
bound organelles.
CONTROL
CENTER

• The nucleus is a
membrane bound organelle
that carries the coded
information in the form of
DNA.
• Some cells have the DNA
float freely within the cell.
TWO BASIC
TYPES OF
CELLS
• The earliest cells on
Earth were simple
cells similar to some
present-day bacteria.
• As cell evolved, they
differentiated into two
major types: 
1. Prokaryotes
2. Eukaryotes
PROKARYOTES

• Prokaryotes are organisms that


lack a membrane-bound nucleus
and membrane-bound organelles.
• Their DNA is often concentrated in
a part of the cell called nucleoid.
• Prokaryotes have two domains:
Bacteria and Archaea
EUKARYOTES

• Organisms made up of one or


more cells that have a
nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles called
Eukaryotes.
• Eukaryotic cells have a
variety of subcellular
structures called organelles,
well-defined, intracellular
bodies that perform specific
functions for the cell. Many
organelles are surrounded by
a membrane.
CELLULAR
ORGANIZATION
• Over time cells began to work together:
• Colonies: A colonial organism is a
collection of genetically identical
cells that live together in a
connected group.
• Organism: Cells take specific
roles within an organism.
• Tissues are the groups of similar
cells that carry out a specific task.
• Organs are groups of tissue
working together.
• An organ system is a group of
organs that accomplish related
tasks.
1. Describe the relationship between a cell’s shape and its
function.

2. Explain the factor that limits cell size.

REVIEW 3. Identify three parts of a cell.


QUESTIONS
4. Summarize the difference between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.

5. List four levels of organization that combine to form an


organism.

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