Chapter 3 Brain and Human Behavior

Brain and Human Behavior
Chapter 3
Central Nervous System
Brain
• encased in the skull in which is a very tough set of
bones. It is re encased in the skull in which is a very
tough set of bones. It is responsible for the interpretation
of sensory impulses, coordination and control of body
activities and expression of emotion and thoughts.It is
responsible for the interpretation of sensory impulses,
coordination and control of body activities and expression
of emotion and thoughts.
Forebrain
Cerebrum Thalamus
Cerebral
Hypothalamus
Cortex
Midbrain
• This part of the brain serves as the connecting link
between the hindbrain and forebrain. Part of it has
important role in visual and auditory activities.
Hindbrain
Medulla
Oblangata
Pons
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
DORSAL VENTRAL
Other part of the brain
Amygdala Hippocampus
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Autonomic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Neurons
• Specialized cells that are the basic structural unit of the
nervous system which transmit messages.
Parts of Neurons
Cell Body Dendrites Axon Synapse

Classfication of Neurons
Sensory Motor Connector
Synapse
Level of Synaptic Connections
Reflex Instinctive Cortex

Neurotransmitters
• are endogenous chemicals that enable
neurotransmission. It is a type of chemical messenger
which transmits signals across a chemical synapse, such
as a neuromuscular junction, from one neuron (nerve cell)
to another "target" neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.
Type of Neurotransmitter
• Inhibitory
– neurotransmitter which forces the neuron to fire less
• Excitatory
– neurotransmitter which forces the neuron to fire more
Examples of Major Neurotransmitters
• Glutamate
• Dopamine
• Serotonin
• GABA
• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine
• Histamine
Glutamate
• most prominent neurotransmitter in the body, and is the
main excitatory neurotransmitter, being present in over
50% of nervous tissue.
• Important in memory formation, learning, and regulation.
Dopamine
• a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward
and pleasure centers. Dopamine also helps regulate
movement and emotional responses, and it enables us
not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward
them.
Serotonin
• A neurotransmitter that is involved in the transmission of
nerve impulses. Serotonin is also key to mood regulation;
pain perception; gastrointestinal function, including
perception of hunger and satiety; and other physical
functions.
GABA
• Gamma-Amino Butyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid
which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous
system. It inhibits nerve transmission in the brain, calming
nervous activity. As a supplement it is sold and promoted
for these neurotransmitter effects as a natural tranquilizer.
It is also touted as increasing Human Growth Hormone
levels and is popular among body builders.
Epinephrine
• Epinephrine, more commonly known as adrenaline, is a
hormone secreted by the medulla of the adrenal glands.
Strong emotions such as fear or anger cause epinephrine
to be released into the bloodstream, which causes an
increase in heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure,
and sugar metabolism.
Norepinephrine
• Norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, substance that
is released predominantly from the ends of sympathetic
nerve fibres and that acts to increase the force of skeletal
muscle contraction and the rate and force of contraction
of the heart. The actions of norepinephrine are vital to the
fight-or-flight response, whereby the body prepares to
react to or retreat from an acute threat.
Histamine
• an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local
immune responses, as well as regulating physiological
function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the
brain, spinal cord, and uterus. Histamine is involved in the
inflammatory response and has a central role as a
mediator of itching.
Drugs and their Effects
• Stimulants
• Depressants
• Hallucinogen
• Narcotics
Stimulants
• (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially
as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs
including those that increase activity of the central
nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable
and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic
effects.
• E.g. Caffeine, Nicotine, Cocaine
Depressant
• drugs that slow down the activity of the central nervous
system. By decreasing the electrical activity in the brain,
depressants produce a calming effect in the body and
slow down the brain's normal functioning. Depressants
can decrease your level of awareness, lower your pulse
and heart rate, and reduce breathing. For these reasons,
depressants are also referred to as 'downers'.
• E.g. Alcohol, sedatives,cannabis
Opiods
• Opioids are a class of drugs naturally found in the opium
poppy plant. Some prescription opioids are made from the
plant directly, and others are made by scientists in labs
using the same chemical structure. Opioids are often
used as medicines because they contain chemicals that
relax the body and can relieve pain.
• E.g. Morphine and Heroin
Hallucinogen
• a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations,
perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective
changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness.
• E.g:LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), PCP
(phencyclidine), magic mushrooms (psilocybin);

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Brain and Human Behavior

Cell Body Dendrites Axon Synapse

Sensory Motor Connector

Reflex Instinctive Cortex

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