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    Mental Activity and Mental Illness

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    Shaira Elyze Gabriel
    The document discusses the brain and mental illness from a biological and biochemical perspective. It describes the basic functions of the brain and its main cell types - neurons and glial cells. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals, including action potentials and neurotransmitters. Imbalances in key neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrine have been linked to mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others. Maintaining balanced levels of neurotransmitters is important for preventing certain health conditions.

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    Mental Activity and Mental Illness

    Uploaded by

    Shaira Elyze Gabriel
    36 views36 pages
    The document discusses the brain and mental illness from a biological and biochemical perspective. It describes the basic functions of the brain and its main cell types - neurons and glial cells. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals, including action potentials and neurotransmitters. Imbalances in key neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrine have been linked to mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others. Maintaining balanced levels of neurotransmitters is important for preventing certain health conditions.

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    The document discusses the brain and mental illness from a biological and biochemical perspective. It describes the basic functions of the brain and its main cell types - neurons and glial cells. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals, including action potentials and neurotransmitters. Imbalances in key neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrine have been linked to mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others. Maintaining balanced levels of neurotransmitters is important for preventing certain health conditions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    36 views36 pages

    Mental Activity and Mental Illness

    Uploaded by

    Shaira Elyze Gabriel
    The document discusses the brain and mental illness from a biological and biochemical perspective. It describes the basic functions of the brain and its main cell types - neurons and glial cells. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals, including action potentials and neurotransmitters. Imbalances in key neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrine have been linked to mental illnesses such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and others. Maintaining balanced levels of neurotransmitters is important for preventing certain health conditions.

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    Mental activity and Mental

    Illness
    The Brain
    Functions of the Brain
    • Monitor external world
    • Monitor composition of body fluids
    • Regulate skeletal muscle contractions internal organs
    • Initiate/regulate basic drives
    • Conscious sensation
    • Memory
    • Mood
    • Thought
    • Regulate sleep cycle
    • Language
    Cells in the brain
    • most common brain cells are neurons and non-
    neuron cells called glia.
    • Glia
    – “glia” is Latin for “glue.
    – participate in brain signaling
    – necessary for the healthy function of neurons.
    – Unlike neurons, glial cells cannot fire action potentials
    to communicate messages, but that does not mean
    they are inactive.
    – Glia cells helps the neurons to strengthen the
    messages that are passed between them.
    Cells in the brain
    • Neurons
    – are the cells in the brain that send and receive
    electrical and chemical signals.
    – building blocks of the brain, and transmit
    information to other neurons, muscles, and
    tissues throughout the body.
    – allows to think, feel, move, and comprehend
    Neurons
    NEURONS
    • Neurons communicate via both electrical
    signals and chemical signals.
    – The electrical signals are action potentials, which
    transmit the information from one of a neuron to
    the other;
    – the chemical signals are neurotransmitters, which
    transmit the information from one neuron to the
    next.
    ACTION POTENTIAL
    • An action potential occurs when a neuron
    sends information down an axon, away from
    the cell body.
    • Neuroscientists use other words, such as a
    "spike" or an "impulse" for the action
    potential.
    • The action potential is an explosion of
    electrical activity that is created by a
    depolarizing current.
    VIDEO: ACTION POTENTIAL
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBDXOt_
    uHTQ
    Fuels and energy metabolism in the
    brain
    • Glucose is virtually the sole fuel for the human
    brain, except during prolonged starvation.
    • It consumes about 120 g daily, which corresponds
    to an energy input of about 420 kcal (1760 kJ),
    accounting for some 60% of the utilization of
    glucose by the whole body in the resting state.
    • estimates suggest from 60% to 70%, is used to
    power transport mechanisms that maintain the
    Na+-K+ membrane potential required for the
    transmission of the nerve impulses.
    Mental illness: BioChemical
    Cause
    Neurotransmitters
    • are chemical messengers that transmit a
    message from a nerve cell across the synapse
    to a target cell.
    • The target can be another nerve cell, or a
    muscle cell, or a gland cell. They are chemicals
    made by the nerve cell specifically to transmit
    the message
    Neurotransmitters
    • Excitatory neurotransmitters encourage a target
    cell to take action.
    • Inhibitory neurotransmitters decrease the
    chances of the target cell taking action. In some
    cases, these neurotransmitters have a relaxation-
    like effect.
    • Modulatory neurotransmitters can send
    messages to many neurons at the same time.
    They also communicate with other
    neurotransmitters.
    VIDEO: Activities of Neurons
    • https://www.youtube.com/embed/XfeaMbTK
    dV8?modestbranding=1
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    • Acetylcholine
    – triggers muscle contractions, stimulates some
    hormones, and controls the heartbeat.
    – plays an important role in brain function and
    memory
    – an excitatory neurotransmitter.
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    • Acetylcholine
    – Low levels of acetylcholine are linked with issues with
    memory and thinking, such as those that affect people
    with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease,
    Huntington’s chorea
    – Having high levels of acetylcholine can cause
    • depression
    • too much muscle contraction. This can lead to seizures,
    spasms, and other health issues.
    – People must get enough choline from their diets to
    produce adequate levels of acetylcholine.
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    ▪ Dopamine
    ▪ for memory, learning, behavior, and
    movement coordination.
    ▪ a pleasure or reward neurotransmitter.
    ▪ The brain releases dopamine during
    pleasurable activities.
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    ▪ Dopamine
    ▪ Dopamine is also responsible for muscle
    movement.
    ▪ A dopamine deficiency can cause
    ▪ Parkinson’s disease and depression
    ▪ slow reaction time and anhedonia (unwillingness
    to do anything)
    ▪ The body needs certain amino acids to
    produce dopamine, and amino acids are found
    in protein-rich foods.
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    ▪ Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
    ▪ a mood regulator
    ▪ has an inhibitory action, which stops
    neurons from becoming overexcited
    ▪ low levels of GABA can cause anxiety,
    irritability, and restlessness. Anxiety
    disorders and schizoprenia
    ▪ Increase levels of GABA reduces anxiety
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    ▪ Serotonin
    ▪ inhibitory neurotransmitter.
    ▪ happiness hormone.
    ▪ helps regulate mood, appetite, blood
    clotting, sleep, and the body’s circadian
    rhythm.
    ▪ Increase level- anxiety states
    ▪ Decrease level-depression, low self-esteem,
    obsessive thoughts, compulsive behavior,
    impulsiveness and aggressiveness.
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    ▪ Serotonin
    ▪ Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or
    SSRIs, can relieve depression by increasing
    serotonin levels in the brain
    ▪ Some evidence indicates that people can
    increase serotonin naturally through:
    ▪ being exposed to bright light, especially
    sunlight
    ▪ vigorous exercise
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    ▪ Noradrenalin/norepinephrine
    ▪ primary neurotransmitter in the
    sympathetic nervous system
    ▪ it works on the activity of various organs in
    the body to control blood pressure, heart
    rate, liver function and many other
    functions.
    ▪ prolongs the ability to stay focused on
    everything, staying alert.
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    ▪ Noradrenalin/norepinephrine
    ▪ primary neurotransmitter in the
    sympathetic nervous system
    ▪ it works on the activity of various organs in
    the body to control blood pressure, heart
    rate, liver function and many other
    functions.
    ▪ prolongs the ability to stay focused on
    everything, staying alert.
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS
    ▪ Noradrenalin/norepinephrine
    ▪ increase level –mania, anxiety states ,
    schizoprenia
    ▪ Decrease level-depression
    • A balance of neurotransmitters is necessary to
    prevent certain health conditions, such as
    depression, anxiety, Alzheimer’s disease, and
    Parkinson’s disease.

    • Health conditions that result from an imbalance


    of neurotransmitters often require treatment
    from a professional. See a doctor regularly to
    discuss physical and mental health concerns.
    Additional Videos to watch
    • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ijLdLjl_w
    TQ
    • https://aminoco.com/blogs/health/brain-
    chemicals-affect-emotions
    REFERENCES
    • https://www.slideshare.net/umiami/biological
    -theory-of-psychiatric-illness
    • https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK224
    36/

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