General Piping and Valves

GENERAL PIPING &
VALVES
•ME 514 – INDUSTRIAL PLANT DESIGN
1.0 DEFINITIONS
 1.1 Pipe and Tube
 The fundamental difference between pipe and
tube is the dimensional standard to which each is
manufactured. A pipe is a tube with a round cross
section conforming to the dimensional
requirements for nominal pipe size as tabulated in
table for Pipe Schedules.
 A tube is a hollow product of round or any other
cross section having a continuous periphery. Round
tube size maybe specified with respect to any two,
but not all three of the following: outside diameter
or internal diameter or nominal diameter.
1.0 DEFINITIONS (CONT..)
 1.2 Black pipe – steel pipe that has not been
galvanized.
 1.3 Bell and Spigot Joint – the commonly
used joint in cast-iron pipe. Each piece is
made with an enlarged diameter or bell at one
end into which the plain or spigot end of
another piece is inserted when laying. The
joint is then made tight by cement, oakum, or
rubber caulked into the bell around the spigot.
 1.4 Bull Head Tee – a tee the branch of
which is larger than the run.
 1.5 Butt Weld Joint – a welded pipe joint
made with the ends of the two pipes butting
each other, the weld being around the
periphery.
 1.6 Carbon Steel Pipe – steel pipe which owes
its properties chiefly to the carbon which it
contains.
 1.7 Check Valve – a valve designed to allow a
fluid to pass through in one direction only. A
common type has a plate so suspended that the
reverse flow aids gravity in forcing the plate
against a seat, shutting off reverse flow.
 1.8 Compression Joint – a multi-piece joint with
cup shaped threaded nuts which, when tightened
compress tapered sleeves so that they form joint
on the periphery of the tubing they connect.
 1.9 Cross-Over – a small fitting with a double
offset, or shaped like the letter U with the ends
turned out. It is only made in small sizes and used
to pass the flow of one pipe past another when
the pipes are in the same plane.
 1.10 Expansion Loop – a large radius bend in a
pipe line to absorb longitudinal expansion in the
pipe line due to heat.
 1.11 Galvanized Pipe – steel pipe coated with zinc to
resist corrosion.
 1.12 Gate Valve – a valve employing a gate, often
wedge-shaped, allowing fluid to flow when the gate is
lifted from the seat. Such valves have less resistance
to flow than globe valves.
 1.13 Globe Valve – one with a somewhat globe
shaped body with a manually raised or lowered disc
which when closed rests on a seat so as to prevent
passage of a fluid.
 1.14 Header – a large pipe or drum into which each
of a group of boilers is connected. Also used for a
large pipe from which a number of smaller ones are
connected in line and from the side of the large pipe.
 1.15 Malleable Iron – cast iron heat-treated
to reduce its brittleness. The process enables
the materials to stretch to some extent and
to stand greater shock.
 1.16 Manifold – a fitting with a number of
branches in line connecting to smaller pipes.
Used largely as an interchangeable term with
header.
 1.17 Medium Pressure – when applied to
valves and fittings, implies they are suitable
for a working pressure of from 862 to 1207
kPa (125 to 175 psi).
 1.18 Mill Length – also known as random
length. Run-of-mill pipe is 4880 mm to 6000
mm (16 ft to 20 ft) in length. Some pipe are
made in double lengths of 9150 mm to
10,675 mm (30 ft to 35 ft).
 1.19 Relief Valve – one designed to open
automatically to relieve excess pressure.
 1.20 Run – a length of pipe made of more
than one piece of pipe; a portion of a fitting
having its ends in line or nearly so, in
contradistinction to the branch or side
opening, as of a tee.
 1.21 Saddle Flange – a flange curved to fit a boiler
or tank and to be attached to a threaded pipe. The
flange is riveted or welded to an adjoining pipe.
 1.22 Socket Weld – a joint made by use of a socket
weld fitting which has a prepared female end or
socket for insertion of the pipe to which it is
welded.
 1.23 Standard Pressure – formerly used to
designate cast-iron flanges, fittings, valves, etc.,
suitable for a maximum working steam pressure of
862 kPa.
 1.24 Street Elbow – an elbow with male thread on
one end , and female thread on the other end.
 1.25 Stress-Relieving – uniform heating of a
structure or portion thereof to a sufficient
temperature to relieve the major portion of
the residual stresses, followed by uniform
cooling.
 1.26 Wrought Iron – iron refined to a plastic
state in a puddling furnace. It is
characterized by the presence of about 3
percent of slag irregularly mixed with pure
iron and about 0.5 percent carbon.
 1.27 Wrought Pipe – this term refers to both
wrought steel and wrought iron. Wrought in
this sense means worked, as in the process of
forming furnace-welded pipe from skelp, or
seamless pipe from plates or billets. The
expression wrought pipe is thus used as a
distinction from cast pipe. When wrought-
iron pipe is referred to, it should be
designated by its complete name.
2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
 2.1 All piping shall be run parallel to building
walls.
 2.2 Grouped piping shall be supported on racks
either on horizontal or vertical planes.
 2.3 All piping to headers shall come from
below rack.
 2.4 All piping from headers shall go up above
rack.
 2.5 All piping above or below racks shall be
supported on separate racks.
 2.6 All piping should run with slight inclination
for drainage of main headers.
2.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (CONT..)
 2.7 All piping on racks shall have a sufficient
spacing for pipe or chain wrenches so that any
single line can be altered without disturbing the
rest of the piping on rack.
 2.8 All piping 63.5 mm (2 ½ in) and above shall
be flanged while smaller sizes can be screwed.
 2.9 On long headers a pair of flanges shall be
provided for every three lengths of 6000 mm (20
ft) of pipes 63.5 mm (2 ½ in ) and above.
 2.10 On long headers a pair of unions shall be
provided for every three lengths of 6000 mm (20
ft) of pipes smaller than 63.5 mm (2 ½ in).
 2.11 All piping subject to varying temperature
shall be provided with expansion joints or
expansion loops to take care of expansion.
 2.12 No galvanized piping shall be used of
steam.
 2.13 No piping material shall be used that is
easily corroded by material passing thru.
 2.14 All piping shall be clamped by “U” bolts or
clamps to supporting racks except steam piping.
 2.15 Piping supports shall be placed on a 3000
mm (10 ft) intervals or less.
 2.16 All steam piping shall be supported on rollers
or sliding support for expansion.
 2.17 All piping carrying pressure shall be of
sufficient bursting strength for the pressure applied.
A minimum factor of safety of 4 for working
pressure applied shall be used.
 2.18 A minimum factor of safety of 4 for working
applied shall be used.
 2.19 For conveying liquids subject to water
hammer additional safety factor of a minimum of
100% of working pressure shall be used.
 2.20 Piping supports shall be placed on a 3000 mm
(10 ft) intervals or less.
 2.21 All piping carrying steam, hot water or
hot liquids shall be insulated to prevent
accidental contact and loss of heat.
 2.22 Drains for steam piping shall be provided
with steam traps.
 2.23 On all screwed joints the threaded
portion shall enter fittings with three threads
by hand before a pipe wrench is applied.
 2.24 Pipe threads shall be lubricated by white
lead, red lead graphite and oil or other
approved thread lubricants before tightening.
 2.25 No rubber or rubberized gasket shall be used
for steam or hot liquids.
 2.26 A shut-off valve shall be installed to every
branch from headers.
 2.27 All piping shall be reasonable cleaned before
installation.
 2.28 All piping shall be free from burns or protruding
metals inside.
 2.29 No piping carrying steam or hot liquids shall be
imbedded in concrete walls or floors.
 2.30 Where piping has to be located in trenches the
pipes shall be supported on steel benches on floor of
trench.
 2.31 Where piping has to be located in trenches
a suitable drainage or sump for removal of liquid
accumulations shall be provided for trench.
 2.32 Where piping carrying steam or hot liquids
have to pass walls of concrete suitable sleeves
made of pipes one size bigger shall be imbedded
in concrete before piping is laid.
 2.33 Piping to all equipments shall not impose
any stress on equipment being connected.
 2.34 Pipe carrying liquids with solids shall use
long radius elbows or tees with plugs in the
direction of flow.
3.0 IDENTIFICATION COLORS FOR PIPES
 Identification of piping by color, or color

bands at convenient locations shall be as
follows:
3.0 IDENTIFICATION COLORS
FOR PIPES (CONT..)
3.0IDENTIFICATION COLORS FOR PIPES (CONT..)
 In addition to color coding, the specific

contents of piping must be identified by
sticker, stencil, tag, etc.
 Color bands and pipe flow identifications
shall be as specified and installed as shown.
4.0 FLUID FLOW VELOCITIES
 In practice, the average fluid flow velocities may
be as follows:
 a. Water - - - - - - - - - - 1.5 – 3.0 meters/sec.

 b. High Pressure Saturated Steam ----- 25 – 50
meters/sec.
 c. High Pressure Superheated Steam --- 50 – 77
meters/sec.
 d. Atmospheric Exhaust Steam ---- 40 – 60
meters/sec.
 e. Low Pressure Exhaust Steam --- 100 – 120
meters/sec.
5.0 POWER PIPING SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
 5.1 Scope.
 Power piping systems include all steam,
water and oil piping and the component
parts such as the pipe, flanges, bolting,
gaskets, valves, and fittings for steam
generating plants, central heating plants and
industrial plants.
5.0 POWER PIPING SYSTEMS AND DESIGN (CONT..)
 5.2 Materials.
 Materials used shall conform to Table 11.6.2
(PSME Code 2008). Any material other than
those specified should meet the physical &
chemical requirements & test of the latest
revision of the respective specifications in
Table 11.6.2.
5.0 POWER PIPING
SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
(CONT..)
5.0 POWER PIPING
SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
(CONT..)
5.0 POWER PIPING
SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
(CONT..)
5.0 POWER PIPING
SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
(CONT..)
5.0 POWER PIPING
SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
(CONT..)
5.0 POWER PIPING
SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
(CONT..)
 5.3 Valves
 It is mandatory that valves be (a) of the
design or equal to the design which the
manufacturer thereof recommends for the
service, and (b) of materials allowed by the
code for the pressure & temperature.
 All valves in nominal sizes:
 80 mm (3 in) and smaller for pressure above

1724 kPa (250 psig) but not above 2758 kPa
(400 psig).
 50 mm (2 in) smaller for pressures above

25787 kPa (400 psig) not above 4137 kPa (600
psig).
 40 mm ( 1 ½ in) and smaller for pressures

above 4137 kPa (600 psig) may have screwed,
flanged, or welding ends.
 For all valves, larger than sizes specified in

the preceding paragraph, flanged or welding
ends shall be used.
 5.4 Wall Thickness.
 The following formula shall be used to determine
pipe wall thickness:
PD
tm  C
2S  YP
 Where
 tm = minimum pipe wall thickness in mm
 P = maximum internal service pressure in kPa
 t = nominal pipe wall thickness in mm
 D = outside diameter of pipe in mm
 S = allowable stress in materials in kPa
 C = allowance for threading, mechanical strength of
corrosion in mm, see Table 11.6.4a
 Y = co-efficient for values, Table 11.6.4b
 • Since all pipe

furnished by the
mill is subject to 12
½ % variation in
wall thickness, the
thickness tm should
be multiplied by
8/7 to obtain the
nominal wall
thickness.
 5.5 Variations in presure and temperature.

 Either pressure or temperature, or both, may
exceed the nominal design values if the
computed stress in the pipe wall calculated for
the pressure does not exceed the allowable S
value in Table 11.6.5 and 11.6.5a for the
expected temperature by more than the
following allowances for the period of duration
indicated:
 a. Up to 15 percent increase above the S value
during 10 percent of the operating period.
 b. Up to 20 percent increase above the S value
during one percent of the operating period.
5.0 POWER PIPING
SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
(CONT..)
5.0 POWER
PIPING SYSTEMS
AND DESIGN
(CONT..)
 5.6 Pressure reducing and relief valves.
 a. Where pressure reducing valves are used, one or more

relief or safety valves shall be provided on the low pressure
side of the reducing valve in case the piping or equipment on
the low pressure side does not meet the requirements for
the full initial pressure. The relief or safety valve shall be
located adjoining or as close as possible to the reducing
valve. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent injury
or damage caused by escaping fluid from relief or safety
valves if vented to the atmosphere. The vents shall be of
ample size and as short and direct as possible. The combined
discharge capacity of the relief valves shall be such that the
pressure rating of the lower pressure piping and equipment
will not be exceeded if the reducing valves sticks open.
 b. It is mandatory that a pressure gage is

installed on the low pressure side of a
reducing valve.
 5.7 Pipe
 a. For pressure above 4,137 kPa (600 psig) ,
the pipe shall be:
 1. Seamless steel meeting ASTM
specification A-106, A-312, A-335 or A-376;
or
 2. Forged and bored steel meeting A-369 or
 3. Automatic welded steel meeting A-312 or
 4. Electric-fusion welded steel pipe meeting
with ASTM specification A-155
 b. For pressure above 1724 kPa (250 psig), but not above
4137 kPa (600 psig) , pipe shall be:
 1. Electric-fusion welded steel of ASTM specification A-
134 or A-139
 2. Electric-resistance welded steel pipe of ASTM
specification A-135
 3. Forged or bored steel meeting A-380; or
 4. Automatic welded steel meeting A-312
 5. Electric-fusion welded steel pipe meeting with ASTM
specifications A-155
 6. Seamless steel in accordance with ASTM specification
A-106
 7. Seamless or electric-resistance welded steel pipe of
ASTM specification of A-53
 c. For service up to 400 C (750 F) and

pressure of not over 1724 kPa (250 psig), any
of the following classes of pipe may be used:
 1. Electric-fusion welded steel of ASTM
specification A-134 or A-139
 2. Electric-resistance welded steel pipe of
ASTM specification A-135
 3. Wrought-iron pipe of ASTM specification
A-72
 d. Grade A seamless steel pipe of ASTM

specification A-106, wrought-iron pipe of
ASTM A-72, Grade A seamless steel pipe of
ASTM A-53, or grade A electric welded pipe
of ASTM A-53, A-135 or A-139 shall be used
for close coiling, cold bending or other uses.
 5.8 Boltings
 a. The following standards shall apply to
bolting:
 For steam service pressure in excess of 1724
kPa (250 psig) or for steam or water service
temperature exceeding 232 C (450 F), the
bolting material shall conform to ASTM
specifications A-193. For temperature
exceeding 400 C (750 F), only bolts studs are
recommended. When cast iron flanges are
used, bolting material shall be of carbon steel
conforming to ASTM specification A-307, Grade
B, or A-107, Grade 1120.
 b. Flange bolts or bolt-studs shall be of the

dimensions and material specified for the
purpose in the corresponding American
flange standards. Bolts or bolt-studs shall
extend completely through the nuts and if
desired may have reduced shank of a
diameter not less than the diameter at root
of threads.
 c. Nuts shall conform to ASTM specification
A-194.
 5.9 Flanges
 a. Flanges shall conform to the American Standard B
16.5 for respective pressures and temperature or to
the specifications set by the manufacturer.
 b. 1724 kPa (250 psig) and class 862 kPa (125 psig)
cast-iron integral or screwed companion flanges may
be used with a full dace gasket or with a ring gasket
extending to the inner edge of the bolt holes. When
using a full face gasket, the bolting maybe of heat-
treated carbon steel (ASTM-A261), or alloy steel (ASTM
A-193). When using a ring gasket, the bolting shall be
of carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A-307, Grade B,
without heat-treatment other than stress relief.
 c. When bolting together two Class 1724 kPa

(250 psig) integral or screwed companions
cast-iron flanges, having 1.6 mm (1/16 in)
raised faces, the bolting shall be of carbon
steel equivalent to ASTM A-307, Grade B.
Without heat-treatment other than the stress
relief.
 d. 1034 kPa (150 psig) steel flanges may be bolted

to cast-iron valves, fittings or other parts having
either integral Class 862 kPa (125 psig) cast-iron
flanges or screwed Class 862 kPa (125 psig)
companion flanges. When such construction is used,
the 1.6 mm (1/16 in) raised face on the steel flange
shall be removed. When bolting such flanges
together using a ring gasket extending to the inner
edge of the bolt holes, the bolting shall be of
carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A-307 Grade B,
without heat-treatment other than stress relief.
When bolting such flanges together using full face
gasket, the bolting may be heat treated carbon
steel (ASTM A-261) or alloy steel (ASTM A-193).
 e. 2069 kPa (300 psig) steel flanges may be

bolted to cast-iron valves, fittings, or other
parts having either integral Class 1724 kPa
(250 psig) cast iron flanges or screwed Class
1724 kPa (250 psig) cast-iron companion
flanges without any changes in the raised
faces on either flange. Where such
construction is used, the bolting shall be of
carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A-307 Grade
B, without heat treatment other than stress
relief.
 5.10 Fittings
 a. The minimum mill thickness of all flange or
screwed fittings and the strength of factory-made
welding fittings shall not be less than that
specified for the pressure and temperatures in
the respective American Standards.
 b. All fittings in nominal sized above; 80 mm for
pressures above 1724 kPa (250 psig) but not above
2758 kPa (400 psig); 50 mm for pressures above
2758 kPa (400 psig) but not above 4137 kPa (600
psig), and 40 mm for pressures above 4137 kPa
(600 psig) but not above 17238 kPa (2500 psig)
shall have flanged ends or welding ends.
 5.11 Gaskets
 a. Gaskets where required, shall be of
material that resists attack by the fluid
carried in the pipe line, shall be strong
enough to hold the pressure, and perform the
purpose intended throughout the temperature
range encountered. Gaskets shall be as thin as
the finish of the surface that will permit to
reduce possibility of blowing out.
 b. Paper, vegetable fiber, rubber or rubber
inserted gaskets shall not be used for
temperatures in excess of 121 C (250 F).
 5.12 Hangers, supports,anchors

 a. Piping and equipment shall be supported in a
thoroughly substantial and workman like manner,
rigid enough to prevent excessive vibration and
anchored sufficiently to prevent undue strains on
boilers and the equipment served. Hangers,
supports, and anchors shall be made of durable
materials in tunnels and buildings of permanent
fire proof construction, piping may be supported
on or hung from wood structures if all piping
used for conveying fluid at temperatures above
121 C (250 F) is spaced or insulated from such
wooden members to prevent dangerous heating.
 b. Hangers and supports shall permit free

expansion and contraction of the piping
between anchors. All piping shall be carried
on adjustable hangers properly levelled
supports, and suitable springs, sway bracing,
vibration dampeners, etc. shall be provided
where necessary.
 5.13 Pipe sleeves

 a. Where steam pipe pass through walls,
partitions, floors, beams, etc., construction of
combustible material, protecting metal sleeves or
thimbles shall be provided to give a clearance of
not less than 6.35 mm (1/4 in) under hot and cold
conditions all around the pipe, or pipe and
covering. When steam pipes pass through metal
partitions, etc., a clearance of at least 6.35 mm
(1/4 in) under hot and cold conditions shall be left
all around the pipe, or pipe covering. In any
cases, if the fluid temperature exceeds 121 C (250
F), the pipe shall be insulated inside the sleeve
with a covering of at least standard thickness.
 b. Walls, floors, partitions, beams, etc.,

shall not be cast solidly to or built up around
and in contact with a steam, hot water, or
hot oil pipe. Where such pipe must be
installed in a concrete floor or other building
member, it shall be protected for the entire
buried length with a suitable protecting pipe
sleeve of steel, cast iron, wrought iron, or
tile; exception maybe taken to the preceding
rules where pipes pass through walls, floors,
partitions, etc., that must be kept water
tight.
 5.14 Drains,drips, and steam traps

 a. Suitable drains or drips shall be provided
wherever necessary to drain the condensate
from all sections of the piping and
equipment whenever it may collect. Suitable
drains shall also be provided to empty water
lines, water storage tanks, equipment
containing water, etc., when such piping and
equipment is out of service. At least one
valve shall be placed in each drip or drain
line.
 b. Drip lines from steam headers, mains,

separators, and other equipment shall be
properly drained by traps installed in
accessible locations and below the level of
the apparatus drained. Drip pumps, drip
(preferably with orifice control) maybe used
in lieu of traps, if they are safely installed
protected and operated under regular
supervision. All drain lines shall have drip
valves for free blow to the atmosphere.
 c. Drip lines from steam headers, mains,

separators, and other equipment operating
at different pressures shall not be connected
to discharge through the same trap. Where
several traps discharge into one header
which is or maybe under pressure, a stop
valve and a check valve shall be placed in
the discharge line from each trap.
 d. Trap discharge piping shall have the same

thickness as the inlet piping unless it is
vented to atmosphere or operated under low
pressure and has no stop valves. The trap
discharge piping shall have at least the
pressure rating of the maximum discharge
pressure to which it maybe subjected against
freezing where necessary. Drainage from
steam traps, if open to atmosphere, shall be
safeguarded to prevent accidents from hot
discharge.
 5.15 Hydrostatic tests
 a. Before Erection
 All valves, fittings, etc., shall be capable of
withstanding a hydrostatic shell test made before
erection equal to twice the primary steam service
pressure, except that steel fittings and valves shall
be capable of withstanding the test pressure as
given in the American Standard for Steel Pipe
Flanges and Flanged Fittings for the specific
material, pressure standard and facing involved (ring
joint facing for welding ends.) Pipe shall be capable
of meeting the hydrostatic test requirements
contained in the respective specification in Table
11.6.2, under which it is purchased.
 If a hydrostatic mill test pressure for pipe is

not stated in any of the specifications
enumerated in Table 11.6.2, the pipe shall be
capable of meeting a minimum internal
hydrostatic test pressure determined from the
formula.
2St
P
D
 Where:
 P = test pressure in kPa
 t = nominal pipe wall thickness in mm.
 D = pipe outside diameter in mm, and
 S = allowable stress in material in kilopascal

and which shall be taken as not less than 50
percent of the specified yield point of the
material except that hydrostatic tests shall
not exceed 17,238 kPa (2500 psig) for sized
80 mm (3 in) and below, or 19,306 kPa (2800
psig) for size over 80 mm (3 in) nor shall the
stress produced exceed 80 percent of the
specified yield point.
 b. After Erection
 All piping systems shall be capable of withstanding a
hydrostatic test pressure of one and one-half times
the design pressure, except that the test pressure
shall in no case exceed the adjusted pressure-
temperature rating for 38 C (100 F) as given in the
American Standard for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flange
Fittings for the material and pressure standard
involved. For systems joined wholly with welded
joints the adjusted pressure rating shall be that for
ring joint facing for systems joined wholly or partly
with flanged joints adjusted pressure rating shall be
that for ring joint facing. For systems joined wholly
or partly with flanged joints the adjusted pressure
rating shall be that for the type of facing used. .
 5.16 Expansion and flexibility.

 a. Piping systems are subject to a diversity
of loadings creating stresses of different
types and patterns, of which only the
following more significant ones need
generally be considered in piping stress
analysis:
 1. Pressure, internal or external
 2. Weight of pipe, fittings and valves,
containing fluid and insulation, and other
external loadings such as wind.
 3 Thermal expansion of the line.
 The first two loadings produce sustained

stresses which are evaluated by conventional
methods. The stresses due to thermal
expansion on the other hand, if of sufficient
initial magnitude will be relaxed as a result
of local flow in the form of yielding or in the
form of creep. The stress reduction which
has taken place will appear as a stress or
reversed sign in the cold condition.
 b. Materials
 The thermal expansion range shall be determined
from the Table 11.6.16.2 as the difference between
the unit expansion shown for the maximum normal-
operating metal temperature and that for the
minimum normal-operating metal temperature (for
hot lines this may usually be taken as the erection
temperature). For materials not included in this
table, reference shall be made to authority source
data, such as publication of the National Bureau of
Standards. The cold and hot moduli of elasticity, Ec
and Eh, and the moduli of torsional rigidity, Gc and
Gh, respectively, may be taken as the values shown
for the minimum and maximum normal operating
metal temperatures in Table 11.6.16.2a for ferrous
and Table 11.6.16.2b for non-ferrous materials.
 c. For flexibility calculations, Poisson’s ratio

may be taken as 0.3 at all temperatures for
all ferrous materials.
 d. The S values, Sc and Sh at the minimum

and maximum operating metal temperatures,
respectively, to be used for determining the
allowable expansion stress range SA shall be
taken for the type of piping system involved
from the applicable tables in the respective
sections of the code. In the case of welded
pipe, the longitudinal joint efficiency maybe
disregarded in calculating expansion
 5.17 General.
 a. Piping systems shall be designed to have
sufficient flexibility to prevent thermal
expansion from causing:
 1. Failure from over-stress of the piping
material or anchors
 2. Leakage at joints
 3. Detrimental distortion of connected
equipment resulting from excessive thrusts
and moments.
 b. Flexibility shall be provided by changes of

direction in the piping through the use of
bends, loops, and off-sets; or provision shall
be made to absorb thermal strains by
expansion joints of the slip joints or bellows
type. If desirable, flexibility may be provided
by increasing or corrugating portions or all of
the pipe. In this case, anchors or ties of
sufficient strength and rigidity shall be
installed to provide for end force due to fluid
pressure and other causes..
 c. Basic Assumptions and Requirements

 1. Formal calculations or model tests shall
be required when reasonable doubt exists as
to the adequate flexibility of a system. Each
problem shall be analyzed by a method
appropriate to the conditions.
 No hard and fast rule can be given as to when as

analysis should be made. However, in the absence of
better information the need for a formal stress
analysis for a two-anchor system of uniform pipe size
is indicated when the following approximate criterion
is not satisfied:
DY
 0.03
 L U  2
 Where:
 D = nominal pipe size, mm
 Y = resultant of movements to be absorbed by pipe
line, mm
 U = anchor distance (length of straight line joining
anchors), meter.
 L = developed length of line axis, meter.
 2. In calculating the flexibility of a piping

system between anchor points, the system
shall be treated as a whole. The significance
of all parts of the line and of all restraints
such as solid hangers or guides including
intermediate restraints introduced for the
purpose of reducing moments and forces on
equipment or small branch lines shall be
recognized.
 3. Calculations shall take into account

stress-intensification factors found to exist in
components other than plain straight pipe.
Credit may be taken for the extra flexibility
of such components. In the absence of more
directly applicable data, the flexibility
factors shown in Fig. 11.6.17.3(c) may be
used.
 4. Dimensional properties of pipe and

fittings as used in flexibility calculations,
shall be based on nominal dimensions. The
pressure stresses for services subject to
severe condition shall be based on the
reduced thickness of the pipe.
 5. The total expansion range from the

minimum of the maximum normal-operating
temperature shall be used in all calculations,
whether piping is cold sprung or not. Not
only the expansion of the line itself, but also
linear and angular movements of the
equipment to which it is attached, shall be
considered.
 6. Calculations for the expansion stresses SE

shall be based on the modulus of elasticity Ec
at room temperature.
5.0 POWER PIPING SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
(CONT..)
 5.18 Stresses and reactions.
 a. Using the foregoing assumptions, the stresses, and
reactions due to the expansion shall be investigated at all
significant points.
 The expansion stresses shall be combined in accordance
with
S theS 2following
 4 S 2 formula.
E b t

 Where:
 Sb = iMb/Z = resultant bending stress kPa
 St = Mt/2Z = torsiional stress kPa
 Mb = resultant bending moment,n Newton-meter.
 Mt = torsional moment, Newton-meter.
 Z = section modulus of pipe (m3),
 i = stress intensification factor
 b. The maximum computed expansion stress, SE
based on 100 per cent of the expansion and Ec for
the cold condition shall not exceed the allowable
stress range, SA:
Where:
S A  f  1.25SC  0.25Sh 

 In the above formula

 SC = allowable stress (S value) in the cold condition
 Sh = allowable stress (S value) in the hot condition
 SC and Sh are to be taken from the table in the
applicable date, the values of f shall be taken from
the following table:
 Attach Fig. 11.6.1.7.3(c) and Fig. For graph for k
and i.
 Expected life is meant the total number of

years during which system is expected to be
in active operation.
 The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to

pressure, weight and other sustained
external loadings shall not exceed Sh.
 Where the sum of these stresses is less than

Sh the difference between Sh and this sum
may be added to the term 0.25 Sh in the
above formula.
 The longitudinal pressure stress Sep shall be determined
by dividing the end force due to internal pressure:
p d 2
F
2
 By the cross-sectional area of the pipe wall
A
4

 2 2
D d 
 Or
F pd 2
Sep   2
S D  d2
 In which
 Sep = longitudinal pressure stress, kPa
 p = internal pressure, kPa
 d = nominal outside diameter of the pipe m inus two
times the normal wall thickness in mm
 D = nominal outside diameter of pipe, mm
 The reactions (forces and moments) Rh and
Rc in the hot and cold conditions,
respectively, shall be obtained as follows
from the reactions R derived from the
flexibility calculations based on the modulus
of elasticity at room temperature Ec.
 2  E h 
Rh   1  C  Rc
 3  E c 
Rc  CR
 S E 
or Rc   1  h  c R
 Sc E h 
 Whichever is greater, and with the further

condition that:
 Where:
 C = cold spring factor varying from zero for no
cold spring to one for 100 percent cold spring
 Se = maximum computed expansion stress
 Ec = modulus of elasticity in the cold condition
 Eh = modulus of elasticity in hot condition
 R = range of reactions corresponding to the full
expansion range based on EC.
 Rc and Rh represent the maximum reactions

estimated to occur in the cold and hot
conditions, respectively.
 c. The design and spacing of support shall be
checked to assure that the sum of the
longitudinal stress due to the weight,
pressure, and other sustained external
loading does not exceed Sh.
6.0 INDUSTRIAL GAS AND AIR
PIPING SYSTEMS
 6.1 This is industrial air and gas in mines,
power plants, industrial and gas
manufacturing plants.
 a. Piping with metal temperature above 232
C (450 F) or below -2.9 C (27 F).
 b. Air piping systems operating at pressures
of 207 kPa (30 psig) or less.
 c. Piping lines with firebrick or other
refractory material used for conveying hot
gases.
PIPING SYSTEMS (CONT..)
 6.2 Wall thickness of Pipe
 The minimum thickness of pipe wall required
shall be determined by the following formula
for the designated pressure and for
temperature not exceeding 232 C (450 F).

PD
tm  C
2S  0.8P
 Where:
 P = maximum allowable, operating pressure in kPa.
The value obtained maybe rounded to the next
higher unit of 10. The maximum allowable
operating pressure computed with S values
permitted under this paragraph, shall not exceed
two-thirds of the mill test pressure for a service
temperature of 38 C (100 F) or less and five-ninths
of the mill test pressure for a service temperature
of 232 C (450 F).
 S = maximum allowable hoop stress in kPa, see

Table 11.7.2.
6.0 INDUSTRIAL
GAS AND AIR
PIPING SYSTEMS
(CONT..)
 For steel or wrought-iron pipe (except butt welded-
manufactured under a specification not listed in
Table 11.7.2) the value of S shall be 0.6K for a
service temperature of 38 C (100 F) or less or 0.52K
for a service temperature of 232 C (450 F) where K is
the stipulated minimum effective yield strength
calculated in the manner described in Section 11.7.3.
 tm = minimum pipe wall thickness in mm, i.e.,
nominal wall thickness less the manufacturing
tolerance for the thickness. Where available from on
hand or in stock, the actual measured wall thickness
maybe used to calculate the maximum allowable
operating pressure.
 C = corrosion in millimetre obtained from the following:
 D = outside diameter of pipe in inches (mm).

 6.3 Effective Yield Strength (K)
 The effective yield strength K of steel or

wrought-iron pipe maybe determined by
taking the product of Y, the stipulated
minimum yield strength, and E, efficiency of
the longitudinal joint. The value of E shall
be taken from the following:
 Alternatively, the effective yield strength
maybe determined by internal hydrostatic
pressure tests on finished lengths of pipe or
on cylindrical samples cut from the results of
such tests in accordance with the following
formula:
Py D
K
2t
 Where:
 K = effective yield strength in kPa.
 Py = pressure at the yield strength of the pipe
in kPa.
 This maybe taken as the pressure required to
cause a volumetric offset of 0.2 per cent of
as the pressure required to cause a
permanent increase in circumference of 0.1
per cent at any point, but other suitable
methods of determining that the stress in the
steel has reached the yield strength may be
used, provided such methods conform in all
respects to recognized engineering practices.
t = stipulated nominal pipe wall thickness in
mm. D = stipulated outside diameter of pipe
in mm.
7.0 REFRIGERATOR PIPING
SYSTEM
 7.1 Refrigeration piping shall be
understood to comprise all refrigerant and
brine piping, whenever used and whether
erected on the premise or factory
assembled.
 7.2 Minimum Design Pressures for
Refrigerant Piping
 a. Piping Systems for refrigerants shall be
designed for not less than the pressures
given in Table 11.8.2.1.
7.0 REFRIGERATOR
PIPING SYSTEM
(CONT..)
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 b. For refrigerants not listed in Table 11.8.2.1 the
design pressure for the high-pressure side shall be not
less than the saturated vapour pressure of the
refrigerant at 54 C (130 F). The design pressure for
the low-pressure side shall be not less than the
saturated vapour pressure of the refrigerant at 32 C
(90 F). For refrigerant not listed in Table 11.8.2.1
and having a critical temperature below 54 C (130 F),
the design pressure for the high pressure side shall be
not less than 1.5 times the critical pressure and the
design pressure for the low-pressure side shall be not
less than the critical pressure. In no case shall be
design pressure be less than 270 kPa (39 psig).
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 c. Piping systems for brine shall be designed
for the maximum pressure which can be
imposed on the system in normal operation,
but not less than 689.5 kPa (100 psig)
including for cast-iron pipe, the water
hammer allowance as shown in Table
11.8.2.3.
7.0 REFRIGERATOR
PIPING SYSTEM
(CONT..)
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 d. For working temperatures below 18 C (65 F),
an allowance for brittleness of castings,
forgings, bolting, and pipe shall be made as
follows:
 Cast Iron, Wrought-Iron, and Carbon Steel
ferrous materials shall have the design pressure
including allowance for water hammer
increased 2 percent for each degree below 18 C
(65 F) and shall not be used below -73 C (-100
F).
 Copper, brass, bronze. No adjustment.

SYSTEM (CONT..)
 7.3 Thickness of Pipe
 The minimum thickness of pipe wall required

shall be determined by the following
formula:
 PD
tm  C
2S  0.8P
 Where:
 tm = minimum pipe wall thickness in mm
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 P = maximum internal service pressure in kPa (plus
allowance for temperatures as provide in Sec.
11.8.2.4 (7.2.d) and water hammer allowance for
cast-iron pipe as provided in Sec. 11.8.2.3 (7.2.c)).
The value of P shall not be taken at less than 689.5
kPa (100 psig) for any condition of service or
material.
 D = outside diameter of pipe in mm
 S = allowable stress in material due to internal
pressure, kPa, Table 11.8.3.
 C = allowance for threading, mechanical strength,
and/or corrosion, in mm obtained from the
following list.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
SYSTEM (CONT..)
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 7.4 Piping of Pressure Relieving Devices
 The most important design factor about

pressure relieving devices is the underlying
principle of intrinsic safety. They must “fail
safe” or not at all. Therefore, the solution to
problems in pressure relied piping must be
based on sound design practices. Because
failure is intolerable, simplicity and
directness of design should be encouraged as
a mass to reliability.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 There are at least four good reasons why the
installation of pressure safety valves and disc should be
engineered with care:
 a. The inlet and outlet piping can reduce the capacity
of the device below a safe value.
 b. The operation of the device maybe adversely
affected to the point where the opening or closing
pressure is altered. In the case of safety valves,
premature leaking or “simmering” may occur at
pressures less than the set pressure or chattering may
occur after the valve opens.
 c. The reaction thrust at the same time the device
starts to discharge can cause mechanical failure of the
piping.
 d. Good design saves maintenance pesos.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 7.5 Safety Valve Inlet Piping
 In order to operate satisfactorily, a safety
valve must be mounted vertically. It should
be directly on the vessel nozzle or on a short
connection fitting that provides direct and
unobstructed flow between the vessel and
the valve. Safety valves protecting piping
systems should of course be mounted in a
similar manner. The device may never be
installed on a fitting having a smaller inside
diameter than the safety valve inlet
connection.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 7.6 Pressure Drop
 The pressure drop between the vessel and
safety valve inlet flange should not be so
large that the valve is “starved” or chattering
will result. The following limitations are
suggested:
 a. The pressure drop due to friction should
not exceed 1 percent of the accumulated
relieving pressure.
 b. The pressure drop due to velocity head loss
should not exceed 2 percent of the
accumulated relieving pressure.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 Some safety valve manufacturer suggested a
maximum total pressure drop of 2 percent of
set pressure. In the absence of test data, it is
recommended that this more conservative
limit be used.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 These recommendations are based on a
blowdown of a 4 percent. Within this limits, if
the blowdown setting is increased, the pressure
drop maybe increased proportionately.
Remember however, that pressure lost in the
inlet piping must be taken into consideration
when sizing the safety valve. Pressure loss in
the discharge piping should be minimized by
running the line as directly as possible. Use
long-radius bends and avoid close-up fittings. In
no case may the cross-sectioned area of the
discharge pipe be less than that of the valve
outlet.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 7.7 Piping Supports
 Safety valves, although they may not be

included under heading of “delicate
instruments”, nonetheless instruments. They
are required to measure within three percent
and to perform a specific control function.
Excessive strain on the valve body adversely
affects its ability to measure and control.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 Supports for discharge piping should be designed to
keep the load on the valve to a minimum. In high
temperature service, high loads will cause
permanent distortion of the valve because of creep
in the metal. Even at low temperature, valve
distortion will cause the valve to leak at pressures
lower than the set pressure and result in faulty
operation. The discharge piping should be
supported free of the valve and carefully aligned so
that the forces acting on the valve will be at
minimum when the equipment is under normal
operating conditions. Expansion joints or long
radius bends of proper design and cold spring
should be provided to prevent excessive strain.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 The major stresses to which the discharge
pipe is subjected are usually due to thermal
expansion and discharge reaction forces. The
sudden release of compressible fluid into a
multi-directional discharge pipe produces an
impact load and bourdon effect at each
charge of direction. The piping must be
adequately anchored to prevent sway or
vibration while the valve is discharging.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 NOTES:
 A. The maximum weight per span is based on bigger
steel pipe size weight full of water fittings and
insulated.
 1. The copper tubing and fittings (for instrument air
lines) shall be supported not more than 5 feet on
centers or as shown on the drawings.
 2. Vertical risers shall be supported from the building
construction by means of approved pipe clamps of U-
bolts at every floor. Provide slide guides for pipes
subject to thermal expansion. Supports shall be of
adequate size structural steel shapes or sections
where pipe clamps are too short to connect to the
building.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 2. Piping restraints shall be provided to
prevent unnecessary pipe movements due to
vibration and seismic forces and damage to
pipe joints such as cast iron pipe soldered
copper pipes and others as required.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 7.8 Reaction Forces
 The total stress imposed on a safety valve or its

piping is caused by the sum of these forces:
 a. Internal pressure
 b. Dead weight of piping
 c. Thermal expansion or contraction of either the
discharge line of the equipment upon which the valve
is mounted and
 d. The bending moment cause by the reaction thrust
of the discharge.
 All of these stresses except the latter are common to
practically every problem in piping stress analysis.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 The magnitude of the reaction force resulting from the
instantaneous release of a compressible fluid maybe
calculated from the two simple formulas given below.
 For safety valve:
F1   K  0.2 AP1

 For safety disc:

F1  0.63 K  0.2 AP1
 Where:
 F1 = Reaction force, kg
 A = Area of valve orifice or disc., sq. Mm.
 P1 = inlet pressure at time of opening, kPa (set pressure plus
14.7)
 K = ratio of specific heats, Cp/Cv
 Note: Psi x 6.895 = kPa
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 If it is possible for air to be relieved from the
system under special conditions, use a
minimum value of K = 1.4 for design.
 Calculation of the reaction force for liquid
service demonstrates that this force is
negligible. However, since it is usually
possible to trap air or gas in any pressure
system, it is recommended that K = 104 be
used in the above formulas as a basis design
for liquid service.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 7.9 Compressor Piping
 Piping in a compressor circuit should connect

directly point to point; bends instead of
elbows give less friction loss and less
vibration; angular branch connections
eliminate hard tees and give a smoother
flow; double offsets for directional change
should be avoided;
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 closely integrated intercoolers with the
machine minimizes piping; pulsation
dampeners should be located on the
cylinders without any interconnecting pipe;
knockout drums should be adjacent to the
machine; several aftercoolers or exchangers
in the circuit should be stacked as much as
possible for a direct gas flow; and equipment
in the circuit should be in process flow
sequence.
SYSTEM (CONT..)
 Because of the ever present vibration
problems of reciprocating compressors, pipe
supports have a very important role in piping
design. Supports independent of any other
foundation or structure is almost mandatory.
Pipe systems “nailed down” close to grade is
a much preferred arrangement. If badly
designed compressor piping has to be
corrected after start-up of the plant, it can
become very expensive.
8.0 VALVES
8.0 VALVES
 INTRODUCTION
 Valves are mechanical devices designed to

direct, start, stop, mix or regulate the flow,
pressure or temperature of a process fluid. The
common types of valves available are gate
valves, globe valves, butterfly valves etc. the
materials commonly used for construction are
iron, steel, plastic, brass or a mixture of special
alloys.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 According to their function valves may be
classified as on-off valves, non-return valves,
and control valves. The on-off valves are used to
start or stop the flow through the process. Gate
valves and pressure relief valves are examples of
on-off type of valves to mention a few. The non-
return valves allow the fluid to flow in one
particular direction only. The control valves are
used to regulate flow, temperature or pressure
through a system.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 ON-OFF VALVES:
 GATE VALVES
 Gate valves are linear motion valves having a
closure element perpendicular to the process
flow that slides into the main stream to provide
shut off. These are used in low-pressure systems.
The problem with these valves is that they
cannot handle throttling operations, are easily
fouled and cannot be used in systems having
high-pressure drops. It is difficult to obtain tight
shut off with these valves and they take longer
to open or close than any other manual valves.
The different types of gate valves are parallel
gate valves knife edged gate valves and through
conduit gate valves.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 BUTTERFLY VALVES
 These valves are mainly used as an on–off valve.
It is mainly a rotary motion valve that uses a
rotating round disk as a regulating element.
There are two types of butterfly valves –
concentric and eccentric butterfly valves. These
valves can be directly installed in between two
flanges without any special end connections
owing to their very narrow face-to-face
dimensions.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 It has a large flow coefficient and due to rotary
motion of shaft the friction forces generated are
far less than a linear motion valve. They have a
high pressure recovery factor. These valves are
used in low pressure applications. Cavitation and
choked flow can occur easily with these valves
when installed in an application with high
pressure drop.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 PLUG COCKS AND BALL VALVES
 For temperature below 250 C, metallic plug
cocks are useful in chemical process lines. As in
laboratory stopcock, a quarter turn of the stem
takes the valve from fully open to fully closed,
and when fully open, the channel through the
plug may be as large as the inside of the pipe
itself, and the pressure drop is minimal. In a ball
valve the sealing element is spherical, and the
problems of alignment and “freezing” of the
element are less than with a plug cock.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 In both plug cocks and ball valves the area of
contact between moving element and the seat is
large, and both can therefore be used in
throttling service. Ball valves find occasional
application in flow control.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 NON RETURN (CHECK) VALVES
 Non-return valves allow the fluid to flow only in
the desired direction. The design is such that any
flow or pressure in the opposite direction is
mechanically restricted from occurring. All check
valves are non return valves.
 Non return valves are used to prevent back flow
of fluids, which could damage equipment or
upset the process. Such valves are especially
useful in protecting a pump in a liquid
application or compressed gas applications from
back flow when pump or compressor is shut
down . Non return valves are also used in process
systems that have varying pressure which must
be kept separate.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 There are two types of check(non-return) valves,
swing types and spring types.
 In the swing type, the pressure of the water
forces the valve gate to 'swing' open, but once
the flow stops, gravity causes the gate to fall
closed , preventing a reversal of the flow. This
type of valve must be mounted vertically or
horizontally to work properly.
 In contrast, the gate in a spring check valve is
spring loaded. Water pressure forces the gate
open just as in the swing type, but when the
flow stops, the spring, not gravity, forces the
gate closed. This enables the valve to be
mounted in any position and at any angle..
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 GLOBE VALVES
 A globe valve is a linear motion valve
characterized by a globe style body with a long
face to face dimension that accommodates
smooth, rounded flow passages sufficiently long
enough to ensure smooth flow through the valve
without any sharp turns. These valves can be
used in both gas as well as liquid applications
and can handle severe conditions of temperature
and pressure.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 The majority of the globe valves have a top entry
design thus permitting a easier servicing of the
internal parts and allowing the valves to remain
in line when maintenance is taking place. But
these valves have certain disadvantages also.
They have a high cost and a large size factor and
cannot be used for unclean liquids. They are
mainly used for flow control and in cases
involving vacuum or high temperature extremes.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 SOLENOID VALVE:
 Solenoid valves are best suited for small, short-
stroke on-off operations requiring very high
speed of response. These valves can open or
close in 8 to 12 milliseconds. However, they are
limited to pressure drops below 20.7 bars
although when pivoted with pilot levers or
double seats, they can handle higher pressure
drops. A solenoid valve contains a valve body, a
magnetic core attached to the stem and disc,
and a solenoid coil. A small spring assists the
release and initial closing of the valve. The valve
is electrically energized to open.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 When an electrical signal is input to a solenoid
valve (magnetic changeover valve), the drawing
force of the solenoid moves the spool, changing
the direction of flow. Because the electrical
signal is switched at the valve, remote control
and automatic control are simple. Stronger
springs are used to overcome the friction of the
packing when it is required. Reversing the valve
plug causes reverse action (open when de-
energized). These valves are quite expensive.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 Bellow Seal Valve
 Bellow seal valves are a special type of globe
valves which are used for fine control of flow.
The main difference between the ordinary globe
valves and the bellow seal valve is that in the
globe valve there is gland packing along the stem
but in the bellow seal valve, a bellow is used to
prevent leakage instead of the packing. Bellow
seal valves are totally leak-proof. They are used
to handle corrosive liquids. This type of valve has
been used in the butadiene extraction unit.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
 MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION OF VALVES
 The selection of the valve body material is
usually based on pressure, temperature,
corrosive properties and erosive properties of
the flow media. Also the choice of the materials
depends on economic factors. Majority of control
valves involve non corrosive fluids at reasonable
temperatures and pressure. Therefore cast iron
and cast carbon steel are most commonly used
valve body materials.
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
8.0 VALVES (CONT..)
9.0 PIPE SCHEDULE
9.0 PIPE SCHEDULE
 The purpose of the pipe schedule standards
is for all industries that use pipes to use the
same standards. Pipe schedules are a means
of categorizing pipe and identifying the
strengths and characteristics of its
capabilities. For all pipe sizes and outside
diameter (O.D.) remains relatively constant.
The variations in wall thickness affects only
the inside diameter (I.D.).
9.0 PIPE SCHEDULE (CONT..)
 Pipe schedule is an American definition to
define pipe thickness and how much pressure
can the pipe stand. The most commonly used
schedules today are 40, 80, and 160. There is
a commonly held belief that the schedule
number is an indicator of the service
pressure that the pipe can take.
 The Iron pipe size (IPS) is an older system
still used by some manufacturers and legacy
drawings and equipment. The IPS number is
the same as the NPS, but the schedules were
limited to Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong
(XS), and Double Extra Strong (XXS). STD is
identical to SCH 40 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 10,
inclusive, and indicates 0.375” wall thickness
for NPS 12 and larger. SX is identical to SCH
80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 8, inclusive, and
indicates 0.500” wall thickness for NPS 8 and
larger. Different definitions exist for XXS, but
it is generally thicker than schedule 160.
 Industrial pipe thickness follow a set
formula, expressed as the “schedule
number” as established by the American
Standard Association (ASA) now re-organized
as ANI – the American National Standard
Institute. Eleven schedule number are
available for use: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80,
100, 120, 140, & 160.
 A schedule number indicate the
approximate value of
 Sch. No. = 1000P/S
 Where
 P = service pressure (psi)
 S = allowable stress (psi)
 The higher the schedule number is, the
thicker the pipe is. Since the outside
diameter of each pipe size is standardized, a
particular nominal pipe size will have
different inside pipe diameter depending on
the schedule specified.
 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
 To distinguish different weights of pipe. It is

common to use the Schedule terminology
from ANSI/ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless
Wrought Steel Pipe:
 • Light Wall
 • Schedule 10 (Sch/10, S/10)
 • Standard Weight (ST, Std, STD)
 • Extra Strong (Extra Heavy, EH, XH, XS)
 • Schedule 100 (Sch/100, S/100)
 • Schedule 120 (Sch/120, S/120)
 • Schedule 140 (Sch/140, S/140)
 • Schedule 160 (Sch/160, S/160)
 • Double Extra Strong (Double extra heavy,
XXH, XXS)
 Note that many of the schedules are identical
in certain sizes.
 Stainless Steel Pipe
 For stainless steel pipe thru 12-inch,

schedule numbers from Schedule 5S to
schedule 80S are used as published in
ANSI/ASME 36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe.
 • Schedule 5S (Sch/5S, S/5S)

10. TYPES OF COPPER PIPE AND
TUBES
10. TYPES OF COPPER PIPE AND TUBES
 Copper pipe and tube comes in a variety of
types, with different wall thicknesses,
ductility and intended used. The difference
between copper pipe and copper tube is the
the way the diameter of the pipe is
measured. Copper tube is measured by
outside diameter (OD) whereas copper pipe
is measured by inside diameter (ID).
Depending on the plumbing job you are
doing, local and national plumbing codes will
dictate which type of copper pipe is
acceptable.
 Type L copper pipe
 Type L copper pipe and tube has a thicker

wall than type M and DWV pipes making it
the preferred choice for longevity. There are
two kinds of type L; Hard, and soft temper.
Type L will be marked with blue along the
pipe or tubing.
 Hard temper type L plumbing applications
include:

 Above ground water distribution
 Above and below ground drainage and venting
systems
 Building sewer
 Soft temper type L plumbing applications include:
 Water service pipe

 Water distribution above and below ground
 Type M copper pipe
 Type M copper pipe and tubing is commonly

used in residential plumbing because it has
thin walls and can be produced and sold at a
much lower cost. For water distribution
longevity type M is not recommended. Type
M copper is also better for heating
applications because of the thin wall
thickness. Type M is identified with RED
markings along the pipe.
 Hard temper type M plumbing applications
include:

 Above ground drainage systems
 Soft temper type M shall not be used in

plumbing systems.
 Type K copper pipe
 Type K copper pipe and tube is the most

robust of the four types because it has the
largest wall thickness. Type K comes in hard
and soft temper and will be identified by
green markings. Type K copper can be used
for many other applications such as: Fuel,
gasses, HVAC, fire protection systems and
vacuum systems to name a few.
 Hard temper type K plumbing applications
include:

 Above and below ground drainage and venting
systems
 Building sewer
 Soft temper type K plumbing applications include:
 Water service pipe

 Water distribution above and below ground
 DWV copper pipe
 DWV copper pipe is used for drainage waste

and vent (DWV), above ground only and is
identified by yellow markings.
11. PROBLEMS
11. PROBLEMS
 1. Determine the specifications of material
and wall thickness for a 12 in pipe to carry
steam at a state selected from the following:
(a) 425 psig, 600 F; (b) 400 psig, saturated;
(c) 1275 psig, 950 F
(d) 850 psig, 850 F.
11. PROBLEMS (CONT..)
 2. Would Schedule 120, 8 in pipe made to
A53-SA Specification be acceptable on a line
operating at 250 psig, 750 F?
 3. Specify the pipe required to carry 600,000
lb steam per hr at 1255 psig, 1000 F, with
velocity approximating 10,000 fpm.
 4. What maximum working pressure is
advisable in an 18 in OD, Schedule 40 pipe
A53-SA, operations not to exceed 450 F?
END

General Piping and Valves

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General Piping and Valves

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GENERAL PIPING &

 Identification of piping by color, or color

 In addition to color coding, the specific

 a. Water - - - - - - - - - - 1.5 – 3.0 meters/sec.

 All valves in nominal sizes:

 80 mm (3 in) and smaller for pressure above

 50 mm (2 in) smaller for pressures above

 40 mm ( 1 ½ in) and smaller for pressures

 For all valves, larger than sizes specified in

 • Since all pipe

 5.5 Variations in presure and temperature.

 5.6 Pressure reducing and relief valves.

 a. Where pressure reducing valves are used, one or more

 b. It is mandatory that a pressure gage is

 c. For service up to 400 C (750 F) and

 d. Grade A seamless steel pipe of ASTM

 b. Flange bolts or bolt-studs shall be of the

 c. When bolting together two Class 1724 kPa

 d. 1034 kPa (150 psig) steel flanges may be bolted

 e. 2069 kPa (300 psig) steel flanges may be

 5.12 Hangers, supports,anchors

 b. Hangers and supports shall permit free

 5.13 Pipe sleeves

 b. Walls, floors, partitions, beams, etc.,

 5.14 Drains,drips, and steam traps

 b. Drip lines from steam headers, mains,

 c. Drip lines from steam headers, mains,

 d. Trap discharge piping shall have the same

 If a hydrostatic mill test pressure for pipe is

 S = allowable stress in material in kilopascal

 5.16 Expansion and flexibility.

 The first two loadings produce sustained

 c. For flexibility calculations, Poisson’s ratio

 d. The S values, Sc and Sh at the minimum

 b. Flexibility shall be provided by changes of

 c. Basic Assumptions and Requirements

 No hard and fast rule can be given as to when as

 2. In calculating the flexibility of a piping

 3. Calculations shall take into account

 4. Dimensional properties of pipe and

 5. The total expansion range from the

 6. Calculations for the expansion stresses SE

 In the above formula

 Expected life is meant the total number of

 The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to

 Where the sum of these stresses is less than

 Whichever is greater, and with the further

 Rc and Rh represent the maximum reactions

 S = maximum allowable hoop stress in kPa, see

 D = outside diameter of pipe in inches (mm).

 The effective yield strength K of steel or

 Copper, brass, bronze. No adjustment.

 The minimum thickness of pipe wall required

 The most important design factor about

 Safety valves, although they may not be

 The total stress imposed on a safety valve or its

 Piping in a compressor circuit should connect

 Valves are mechanical devices designed to

 To distinguish different weights of pipe. It is