Flexural Analysis of Beams

1
Introduction

Gradually load a simply supported beam until

it fails

Three behavior stages:

(a) Concrete uncracked
(b) Concrete cracked – elastic stresses
(c) Concrete cracked – Ultimate strength

2
Uncracked Concrete Stage

Tensile stresses in concrete are less than

modulus of rupture

Entire beam cross-section resists bending

Compression on one side and tension on the

other

3
Uncracked Concrete Stage

4
Concrete Cracked – Elastic
Stresses
Cracks develop on tension side of beam

Moment at which cracks begin – cracking

moment (Mcr)

Cracks spread toward the neutral axis

Neutral axis moves upward (for positive

moment)
5
Concrete Cracked – Elastic
Stresses
Cracked concrete cannot resist tension

Tensile stress must be resisted by steel

This stage continues until concrete stresses

are about one-half concrete compression
strength and steel stress is less than yield

Stress varies linearly with strain

6
Concrete Cracked – Elastic
Stresses

7
Concrete Cracked – Elastic
Stresses
This is the stage occurring under
service-load conditions

Stresses are computed using the transformed

area method

Service or working loads are considerably

higher than the cracking load

8
Concrete Cracked – Ultimate
Strength Stage
Tensile cracks and neutral axis move
upward (for positive moment)

Stresses are no longer linearly related to

strain

Reinforcing bars yield

9
Concrete Cracked – Ultimate
Strength Stage

10
Moment-Curvature Relationship

11
 Cracking Moment

Effect of reinforcement is negligible

until concrete is cracked
Stress in the beam may My
be calculated using:
f 
Ig
ACI Section 9.5.2.3 – cracking fr I g
moment is calculated using M cr 
ACI equation 9-9: yt
12
Cracking Moment
yt is the distance from the centroidal
axis to the extreme tension fiber
Cracking stress – ACI
Equation 9-10:
f r  7.5 f c
'

 is a parameter to account for lightweight

concrete:
= 1 for normal weight concrete
= 0.85 for sand-lightweight concrete
= 0.75 for all-lightweight concrete
13
Example 2.1

For the beam shown in the figure,

compute the bending stresses for a
moment of 25 k-ft. Use normal weight
concrete, a concrete strength of
4,000 psi and a modulus of rupture of
474 psi and determine the cracking
moment.

14
Example 2.1

15
Example 2.1

(a) Calculate the bending stresses

assuming the section uncracked
1 3 1
I g  bh   12 in   18 in   5832 in
3 4

12 12
My  25,000 lb-ft   12in ft   9 in 
f   4
 463.0 psi
Ig 5832 in

16
 Example 2.1

(b) Calculate the cracking moment

fr Ig  474 psi   5832 in 4


M cr  f r S  
y 9 in
 307,200 lb-in  25.60 k-ft

17
Elastic Stresses - Cracked
Concrete
All concrete in the tensile zone is
cracked and is neglected

Perfect bond between the tension steel

and concrete – stains in two materials
are equal

Stresses are not equal because of

differences in moduli

18
Elastic Stresses - Cracked
Concrete
Ratio of the steel to concrete stress
is given by the modular ratio Es
n
Ec
Transformed area

Area of tension steel (As) is equivalent to

an equivalent concrete area of nAs

19
Elastic Stresses - Cracked
Concrete

Figure 2.6

20
Example 2.2

Calculate the bending stresses in the

beam using the transformed area
method. Use a concrete strength of
3,000 psi, n = 9 and M = 70 k-ft.

21
Example 2.2

22
Example 2.2

(a) Locate the neutral axis by summing

moments of areas about the neutral axis

 x in 
 12 in   x in     9  3 in   17 in  x in 
2

 2 
6 x 2  459  27 x
x  6.78 in

23
Example 2.2

(b) Compute the moment of inertia of the

transformed area
1
I cr   12 in   6.78 in   9  3 in   17 in  6.78 in 
3 2 2

3
 4067 in 4

where Icr is the cracked, transformed

moment of inertia
24
Example 2.2

(c) Compute the bending stresses

Mx  70, 000 lb-ft   12in ft   6.78 in 
fc   4
 1400 psi
I cr 4067 in

fs  n
M (d  x)
  9
 70, 000 lb-ft   12in ft   17  6.78 in 
I cr 4067 in 4
 19, 000 psi

25
Example 2.3

Determine the allowable bending moment

that may be applied to the beam of
Example 2.2 if the allowable stresses are
1350 psi for concrete in compression and
20,000 psi for reinforcing steel in
tension.

26
Example 2.3

f c I cr  1350 psi   4067 in 4 

Mc    809,800 in-lb
x 6.78 in
 67.5 k-ft
f s I cr  20, 000 psi  4067 in 4

Mt    884,323 in-lb
n( d  x ) 9  10.22 in 
 73.7 k-ft

The beam capacity is controlled by the concrete stress

and is 67.5 k-ft

27
Example 2.4

Calculate the bending stresses in the

notched beam shown using the
transformed area method.

Use n = 8 and M = 110 k-ft.

28
Example 2.4

29
Example 2.4
(a) Locate the neutral axis (NA) by summing
moments of areas about the neutral axis – assume
the NA below the notch
 x in 
 18 in   x in      6 in   6 in   x in  3 in 
 2 
 8  5.06 in 2   23 in  x in 
9 x 2  36 x  108  931  40.48 x
x  9.32 in
Note that the NA is below the depth of the slot, as
assumed. If x had been less than 6”, the calculated
value of x would not have been valid. 30
Example 2.4

(b) Compute the moment of inertia of the

transformed area
1 1
I cr   6 in   9.32 in   2    6 in   3.32 in  
3 3

3 3
8  5.06 in   13.68 in  2
2
 10,887 in 4

31
 Example 2.4

(c) Compute the bending stresses

Mx  110, 000 lb-ft   12in ft   9.32 in 

fc   4
 1130 psi
I cr 10,887 in

fs  n
M (d  x)
  8
 110, 000 lb-ft   12in ft   13.68 in 
I cr 10,887 in 4
 13, 269 psi

32
Doubly-Reinforced Beams

Compression steel

Smaller beams

Reduction of long-term deflection

Support for stirrups

Stress in compression bars doubles over

time

33
Example 2.5

Calculate the bending stresses in the

beam using the transformed area
method. Use n = 10 and M = 118 k-ft.

34
Example 2.5

35
Example 2.5
(a) Locate the neutral axis by summing moments of
areas about the neutral axis

 x in 
    
   20  1  x in  2.5 in 
2
14 in x in 2 in
 2 
 10  4 in 2   17.5 in  x in 
7 x 2  38 x  95  700  40 x
x  6.45 in

36
Example 2.5

(b) Compute the moment of inertia of the

transformed area
1
I cr   14 in   6.45 in    20 -1  2 in   3.95 in  
3 2 2

3
10  4 in   11.05 in  2
2
 6, 729 in 4

37
 Example 2.5

(c) Compute the bending stresses

Mx  118, 000 lb-ft   12in ft   6.45 in 
fc   4
 1357 psi
I cr 6, 729 in

f  2n
' M ( x  d ')
  20 
 118, 000 lb-ft   12in ft   3.95 in 
 16, 624 psi
s 4
I cr 6, 729 in

fs  n
M (d  x)
  10 
 118, 000 lb-ft   12in ft   11.05 in 
 23, 253 psi
4
I cr 6, 729 in

38
Ultimate Moment

Tensile bars are stressed to yield before

concrete crushes

Constant concrete compressive

stress – 85% of ultimate stress
Whitney
Rectangular stress block extends stress
1 times c block

1 depends on concrete strength

39
Example 2.6

40
Example 2.6

Calculate the nominal flexural strength

of the beam if the yield stress of the
steel is 60,000 psi and the strength of
the concrete is 3,000 psi.

41
Example 2.6

42
Example 2.6
(a) Calculate the tensile force (T) and the
compressive force (C)
T  As f y   3 in 2   60 ksi   180 k
C  0.85 f c' ab  0.85  3 ksi  a  14 in   35.70a

(b) Determine a by equating T and C

180 k  35.70a
a  5.04 in

43
 Example 2.6
(c) Compute the moment arm and the moment
a 5.04 in
d   21 in   18.48 in
2 2
a
M n  T (d  )   180 k   18.48 in   3326.4 k-in  277.2 k-ft
2

44
Example 2.7

Calculate the nominal flexural strength

of the beam if the yield stress of the
steel is 60,000 psi and the strength of
the concrete is 3,000 psi.

45
Example 2.7

4 #9
As = 4.00 in2

46
 Example 2.7
(a) Calculate the tensile force (T) and the
compressive force (C); determine the area of
concrete necessary to equilibrate T
T  As f y   4 in 2   60 ksi   240 k
C  0.85 f c' Ac
C T
T 240 k
Ac    94.12 in 2

0.85 f c' 0.85  3 ksi 

(6)(6)  ( a  6)(18)  94.12 in 2
a  9.23 in
47
 Example 2.7
(c) Locate the NA and determine Mn.
Defining y as the distance from the top of the
section to the centroid of the compression area,
 3.23 in 
 36 in   3 in    58.12 in   6 in  2 
2 2

y 2
 5.85 in
94.12 in
d  y  21 in  5.85 in  15.15 in
M n   240 k   15.15 in   3636 k-in  303 k-ft

48