MT & HT Lecture 1

MATERIAL TESTING & HEAT TREATMENT (MT-362) 3rd
Year, Mechanical Technology

LECTURE 1
OVERVIEW
Material Testing is the terminology often
used in production technology .We test the
material before using it in any of our
requirement. Through material testing we
can find out, Hardness ductility, elasticity,
toughness resistance etc.
OVERVIEW
The tests involve comparison of the

behavior of test pieces under conditions,
which are approximately similar to those
conditions in which the material have to
be used, before we study about the
testing of material we would understand
some mechanical properties of material.
OVERVIEW
Heat Treatment may be defined as that it is the

process of heating the metals which requires
changing the property, holding the metal at
that temperature, and then cooling it back.
During the process, the metal specimen will
undergo changes in it mechanical properties.
This is because the high temperature alters the
microstructures of the metal.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Mechanical properties are the most import

requirements of materials from engineering,
scientific, technical and manufacturing point of view
in selecting them for the design purposes.
Mechanical properties of materials describe their
behavior under mechanical usage. Designer must
have a considerable knowledge of material and their
properties. Cast iron wrought iron mild-steel, copper
brass, aluminum and their alloys are the material
more commonly used in engineering industries.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Complete specifications mechanical properties and
composition fall these materials have been standardized.
LIST OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Some of the mechanical properties of metals are:
1. Hardness 2. Toughness
3. Ductility 4. Malleability
5. Brittleness 6. Elasticity
7. Plasticity 8. Stiffness
9. Resilience 10. Strength
11. Harden ability 12. Fatigue
13. Creep
DEFINITIONS
1. Hardness:
(a)Hardness is usually defined as resistance of
material to penetration. Hard materials resist
scratches or being worn out by friction with
another body.
(b)Hardness is primarily a function of the elastic
limit (i.e. yield strength) of the material and to a
lesser extent a function of the wok hardening
co-efficient.
DEFINITIONS
(c)In the most generally accepted test, an indenter is

pressed in to the surface of the material by slowly
applied known load, and the extent of the resulting
impression is measured mechanically or optically. A large
impression for a given load and indenter indicates soft
material, and the opposite is true for small impression.
(d)We discuss of hardness is known as softness.
Hardness has been variously defined as resistance to
local penetration, to scratching, to machining, to wear as
abrasion, and to yielding.
DEFINITIONS
The multiplicity of definitions and corresponding
multiplicity f hardness measuring instruments,
together with the lack of a fundamental definition
indicates that hardness may not be a fundamental
property of a material, but rather a composite one
including yield strength, work hardening, true
tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and others,
The hardness is judged by the ease with which the
object can b scratched, One metal is said to b harder
if it scratches the other.
DEFINITIONS
The greater the hardness, the greater is the resistance towards the
scratch, When the heat treated steel cannot be filled, it is termed
as file-hard, Hardness testing machines are employed for more
exact measurements of hardness.
A simple, through basic method of measurement relative hardness
is to determine whether or not one material will scratch another.
For mineral, this is the only way of determining hardness; a scale,
Mohs’ Hardness Scale. The Mohs’ scale of hardness was
developed in 1822 by German geologist Frederich Mohs.
This scale is a chart of relative hardness of the various minerals (1
– softest to 10 – hardest).
See table on slide 10…..
Mohs’ Scale of Hardness Table
DEFINITIONS
2. Toughness or (Tenacity)
It is the property of the material which
enables it to be twisted, bent or stretched
under a high stress before rupture. It is
measured by the amount of energy that a unit
volume of the material has absorbed after
being stressed up to the point facture.
Toughness decreases when material is heated.
DEFINITIONS
An elastic or ductile material requiring great
forces for deformation and having resistance
against break is called tough. For example, if a
load is suddenly applied to a piece of mild
steel and then to a piece of glass, the mild
steel will absorb much more energy before
failure occurs. Thus, mild steel is said to be
much tougher than a glass.
DEFINITIONS
• The area under the stress-strain curve indicates
the thoroughness (i.e. energy which can be
absorbed by the material up to the point of
rupture). Although the engineering stress-strain
curve is often used for this computation, a
more realistic result is obtained from a true-
stress curve. Toughness is expressed as energy
absorbed (Nm) per unit volume of material
participating in absorption (m3) or Nm/m3.
DEFINITIONS
This result is obtained by multiplying the ordinate by
the abscissa (in appropriate units) of stress-strain
plot.
DEFINITIONS
3. Ductility:
It is the property of the material which
enables it to be drawn out or elongated to an
appreciable extent before rupture occurs.
Ductility of material can be measured by the
percentage of elongation and the percentage
of reduction of area before rapture of a test
piece.
DEFINITIONS
This property depends very largely upon tenacity and to
some extent upon hardness. Ductility of a metal is
usually much less when hot than when cold, hence wires
are drowning cold. Glass on the other hand, is extremely
ductile when hot, and may be drawn out into a very fine
thread. In doing a tensile test, ductile material will show
quite an appreciable amount of strength of elongation
before fracture takes place, but brittle material, on the
other hand, exhibits no perceptible increase in length
under similar circumstances.

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MATERIAL TESTING & HEAT TREATMENT (MT-362) 3rd

Year, Mechanical Technology

The tests involve comparison of the

Heat Treatment may be defined as that it is the

Mechanical properties are the most import

(c)In the most generally accepted test, an indenter is

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