CHAPTER 3 GRAVITATION KSSM Form 4

CHAPTER 3 :
GRAVITATION
BY : EN AZMAN BIN SELAMAT
SMJK YOKE KUAN, SEKINCHAN
3.1 NEWTON’S UNIVERSAL LAW OF
GRAVITATION
Why the apple keep falling

down??
Is there any force that

attract the apple
downwards??
• Gravitational force is known as universal force that act between two bodies in the universe.
• It happens between the Sun, Earth and Moon like figure below
• The relationships that involve gravitational force between two bodies are:
•
Newton’ s Universal Law of Gravitation
• Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation states that the gravitational force between two bodies :
1. is directly proportional to the product of the masses of both bodies AND
2. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the center of the two bodies.
Can be expressed as follows :
•
F = gravitational force between two bodies

= mass of body 1
= mass of body 2
r = distance between the center of body 1 and the center of body 2
G = gravitational constant , G =
EXAMPLES OF NEWTON’S UNIVERSAL LAW
OF GRAVITATION
• Refer Example 1 and Example 2 in Physics textbook page 80 and 81.

RELATING GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION
WITH UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONAL
CONSTANT
• From Newton’s Second Law , where g is gravitational acceleration

• From Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, where G is Universal Gravitational Constant
•
• So what is relationship between g and G ???

9.80

• r = distance of an object from centre of the Earth

• R = radius of the Earth

h = distance from object to
surface
h = 0,
Therefore, Therefore
r=(R+h) r = R ( radius of the Earth )
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
CENTRIPETAL FORCE IN THE MOTION OF
SATELLITES AND PLANETS
• Centripetal force is a force acts on the body in a direction towards the centre of the circle.
• The tension of the rope = centripetal force
• The magnitude of centripetal force depends on the mass of the body, linear speed and the radius of the
circle.
EXAMPLE 1
PREDICTION OF ISAAC NEWTON ABOUT THE SATELLITE
CAN ORBITING THE EARTH WITHOUT ANY DRIVEN
THRUST.
• Satellites always experience gravitational force acting towards the centre of the Earth
• The gravitational force on satellites = centripetal force
• By comparing F = ma and , we can obtain :
EXAMPLE 1
3.2 KEPLER’S LAW
• Johannes Kepler succeded in formulating 3 laws that describe the movement of the planets around the
Sun.
KEPLER’S FIRST LAW ( LAW OF ORBIT )
• Kepler’s First Law : All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.
• The planets in Solar System have elliptical shape orbits.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDHnWptz5Jo
KEPLER’S SECOND LAW ( LAW OF AREAS )
• A line that connects a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times
If
This mean,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=qd3dIGJqRDU
KEPLER’S THIRD LAW ( LAW OF PERIODS)
• The square of the orbital period of any planet is directly proportional to the cube of the radius of its
orbit
• Mathematically,
•
So from Gravitational force and Centripetal Force, the orbital period, T can be formulated using both
equation. Hence,
2
2 = 4 𝜋 𝑟3
𝑇
• 𝐺𝑀
How to derive the orbital period formula??

ORBITAL PERIOD OF THE PLANETS IN SOLAR SYSTEM
• The orbital periods and radius of two planets can be calculated using this equation
•
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
3.3 MAN MADE SATELLITES
ORBIT OF SATELLITES
• Satellites move in orbits at specific heights and suitable linear speeds.

• For example, ISS orbits at height of 408km and MEASAT at height of 35 786km.
• Centripetal Force and Gravitational Force are used to
determine the linear speed of satellites.
Linear speed depend on the radius of its orbit as GM

is constant.
• The GPS satellite is at height, h above from surface of
the Earth. Hence
the radius of the orbit, r = h + R
R = radius of the Earth
•
Therefore the linear speed of the satellite is:

Linear speed, v
The linear speed is high enough for satellites to move in Centripetal acceleration, a
circular orbit.
Centripetal acceleration = Gravitational acceleration

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What is Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation?

What are Kepler's three laws of planetary motion?

CHAPTER 3 :

Why the apple keep falling

Is there any force that

Can be expressed as follows :

F = gravitational force between two bodies

• Refer Example 1 and Example 2 in Physics textbook page 80 and 81.

• From Newton’s Second Law , where g is gravitational acceleration

• So what is relationship between g and G ???

• r = distance of an object from centre of the Earth

How to derive the orbital period formula??

• Satellites move in orbits at specific heights and suitable linear speeds.

Linear speed depend on the radius of its orbit as GM

Therefore the linear speed of the satellite is:

Centripetal acceleration = Gravitational acceleration

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