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    Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia: Normal Value: 3.5-5 Meq/L Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia

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    Syimah Umar
    Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia occur when potassium levels fall below or rise above the normal range of 3.5-5 mEq/L. Causes of hyperkalemia include increased potassium intake, cellular death releasing intracellular potassium, and impaired renal potassium excretion. ECG changes and complications like cardiac arrhythmias or muscle weakness can occur. Treatment involves calcium gluconate, dextrose, and insulin injections. Causes of hypokalemia involve reduced intake, intracellular potassium shifts due to acid-base issues or hormones like insulin, and increased losses through the GI tract or kidneys. Complications include arrhythmias and paralysis.

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    Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia: Normal Value: 3.5-5 Meq/L Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia

    Uploaded by

    Syimah Umar
    108 views7 pages
    Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia occur when potassium levels fall below or rise above the normal range of 3.5-5 mEq/L. Causes of hyperkalemia include increased potassium intake, cellular death releasing intracellular potassium, and impaired renal potassium excretion. ECG changes and complications like cardiac arrhythmias or muscle weakness can occur. Treatment involves calcium gluconate, dextrose, and insulin injections. Causes of hypokalemia involve reduced intake, intracellular potassium shifts due to acid-base issues or hormones like insulin, and increased losses through the GI tract or kidneys. Complications include arrhythmias and paralysis.

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    3. hypohyperkalemia

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    Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia occur when potassium levels fall below or rise above the normal range of 3.5-5 mEq/L. Causes of hyperkalemia include increased potassium intake, cellular death releasing intracellular potassium, and impaired renal potassium excretion. ECG changes and complications like cardiac arrhythmias or muscle weakness can occur. Treatment involves calcium gluconate, dextrose, and insulin injections. Causes of hypokalemia involve reduced intake, intracellular potassium shifts due to acid-base issues or hormones like insulin, and increased losses through the GI tract or kidneys. Complications include arrhythmias and paralysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    108 views7 pages

    Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia: Normal Value: 3.5-5 Meq/L Hypokalemia Hyperkalemia

    Uploaded by

    Syimah Umar
    Hypokalemia and hyperkalemia occur when potassium levels fall below or rise above the normal range of 3.5-5 mEq/L. Causes of hyperkalemia include increased potassium intake, cellular death releasing intracellular potassium, and impaired renal potassium excretion. ECG changes and complications like cardiac arrhythmias or muscle weakness can occur. Treatment involves calcium gluconate, dextrose, and insulin injections. Causes of hypokalemia involve reduced intake, intracellular potassium shifts due to acid-base issues or hormones like insulin, and increased losses through the GI tract or kidneys. Complications include arrhythmias and paralysis.

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    The key takeaways are about the normal values and causes of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.

    The causes of hypokalemia include reduced potassium intake, intracellular shifting of potassium, and increased potassium loss. Complications include cardiac arrhythmias, paralysis, and dysfunction of heart muscles.

    The causes of hyperkalemia include increased potassium intake, cellular death releasing intracellular potassium, and impaired renal potassium excretion. Complications include cardiac arrhythmias and ECG changes.

    Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia

    Normal value: 3.5-5 mEq/L


    Hypokalemia <3.5-5 mEq/L > Hyperkalemia
    Hyperkalaemia
    • Causes:
    Causes
    Increased k+ intake - Medication contaning K+
    - High potassium foods
    - Massive transfusion with packed red blood cells
    Cellular death – by freeing the - Haemolysis
    intracellular potassium - Rhabdomyolysis
    - Burns
    - Catabolic states = fasting
    Impaired renal K+ excretion - Reduced GFR due to acute renal failure, chronic renal failure, obstructive
    uropathy, reduced renal perfusion (shock, dehydration)
    - Impaired tubular excretion of K+
    Shifting of potassium to - Diabetic ketoacidosis with compomised renal excretory mechanism
    extracellular compartment
    Hyperkalaemia
    • ECG changes in
    hyperkalemia
    Hyperkalaemia
    • COCKTAIL REGIME for hyperkalaemia:
    1. I/V slow bolus 10ml of 10% Calcium Gluconate over 2-5 minutes
    • The FIRST medication to be given immediately !
    • Cardiac (ECG) monitoring
    2. I/V bolus 50ml of Dextrose 50% over 30-60 min (Glucose not
    required if HYPERGLYCEMIC/DKA)
    3. I/V bolus insulin 10 IU

    Ref: Sarawak Handbook of Medical Emergencies


    Hyperkalaemia
    • Complication
    • Cardiac arryhthmia
    • Dysfunctional heart muscles leading to bradycardia and bundle branch blocks
    • Muscle weakness and paralysis
    • Life threatening - if involve respirator muscles
    • Rebound hypokalemia and hypotension are seen with aggressive diuresis
    Hypokalemia
    Causes
    I. Reduced K+ intake - Starvation
    - Clay ingestion
    II. Redistribution into cells (Intracellular shift - Acid base
    of K+) - Metabolic alkalosis
    A. Acid-base - Hormonal
    B. Hormonal - Insulin
    C. Anabolic state - Increased B2-adrenergic sympathetic activity: post-myocardial infarction, head injury
    - B2-adrenergic agonists – bronchodilators, tocolytics
    - Aa-Adrenergic antagonist
    - thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
    - Downstream stimulation of Na+/K+-ATPase: theophyllin, caffeine
    - Anabolic state
    - Vit b12/folic acid administration (rbc production)
    - Total parenteral nutrition
    III. Increased loss - Non renal
    A. Non renal - Gastrointestinal loss – diarrhoea
    B. Renal - Integumentary – loss – sweat
    - Renal
    - Increased distal flow and dital Na+ delivery: diuretics, osmotic diuresis, salt-wasting nephropathies
    - Increased secretion of K+
    - Mineralocorticoid excess: primary & secondary hyperaldosteronsm, Cushing’s syndrome, Bartter’s
    syndrome, Gitelman's syndrome
    - Apparent mineralocorticoid excess
    - Distal delivery of nonreabsorbed anions: vomiting, nasogastric suction, proximal renal tubular acidosis,
    diabetic ketoacidosis
    - Magnesium deficiency
    Hypokalemia
    • Complication
    • Cardiac arrhythmias
    • dysfunctional heart muscles – tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation
    • Paralysis
    • Common
    • Life-threatening
    • Elevated thyroid function tests (thyrotoxic periodic paralysis)
    • Rebound hyperkalemia is also seen with aggressive replacement.

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