Analog Electronics Class 2:

Ideal Op-Amp Analysis

Voltage Controlled Voltage Source

+ + +
+
Vin = 1V Gain = 10 Vout = 10V
- - -
-
 Ideal Op-Amp Characteristics
• Open Loop Voltage Gain (Avol)
is infinite - +
• Input offset Voltage is zero Vosi = 0V
Vout
+ - A =∞
• Input bias current is zero vol

• No power supply limits

• Input impedance is infinite
• Simple model is a voltage
IB+ = 0
controlled voltage source with
high gain.
- +
Vout
ZIN = ∞
+ - A =∞
vol

IB- = 0
 Close Loop Gain
( Vpos - Vneg  Avol = Vout
) (1) Input x gain = output
R1 1k Rf 1k
 R1  (2) Voltage divider equation
Vneg = Vout  
R1 + Rf (remember Ib =0)
 
Vneg

  R1  IB = 0 - +
 pos out  R + R   Avol = Vout
V - V  (3) Substitute 2 into 1
  1 f  - Avol Vout
+

+ Vpos
Avol Vpos Vpos
Vout = -
Avol  R1
+1 (4) Rearange 3
R1 + Rf

Vout 1
=
Vpos R1 (5) Multiply num and
1
+ denom with 1/Avol
R1 + Rf Avol

Rf
lim  1  = 1
= +1
(6) Take the limit
for high gain
Avol  ∞  R1 + 1  R1
+0
R1
 R1 + Rf Avol  R 1 + Rf
 
 Feedback Analogy
Scotty Increase
the output voltage! I’ll try caption, but
The input offset I’m giving her all
voltage is not zero! she’s got!

Feedback

-
+ Vout
+

Vin
 Simple Analysis for Inverting Amp
RF 2k
Iin = 2V/1kΩ
Iin = 2mA
+ 2V -
Rin 1k
- Vout

Vin
2V 0V + VRF = 2mA x 2kΩ = 4V
Virtual + 4V -
Short to RF 2k
GND
2mA
Vin across Rin Iin = 2mA
Rin 1k
- Vout
IB = 0A
Vin
2V
+ Vout = -4V
With respect to GND

• Iin flows through Rf

• Vout is the voltage across Rf Gain = Vout / Vin
Gain = (-4V) / (2V) = -2
Simple Analysis for Inverting Amp

Find the same

transfer function
algebraically
 Non-Inverting Amp
Iin

Rf 2k

- Iin ∙ Rf +
Iin = Vin/Rin
Vout = Iin Rf + Vin
R1 1k

- Vout
- Vin + Vin
+ Vout =  R + Vin
R1 f
Vin 2
Vout Rf
= +1
Vin R1
 Op-Amp Buffer
Rin 1k Vout =0.5 x Vin
+

Vin RL 1k

- Vout = Vin
Rin 1k
+
RL 1k
Vout Rf 0
1 1
+

1
Vin Vin R1 
 Current Reference
+Vs

10V
Out

Ref102
+
GND R1 VR1 = VREF = 10V
- -

+ LOAD
IB=0A
The voltage from
Iout = -10V/R1
noninverting input to the
output is zero (i.e. no Vosi).
Current Reference
V1 5

R1 1k
Op-Amp

I=0

R2 1k
+Vs

10V
Out

Ref102
+
GND R1 VR1 = VREF = 10V
- -

+ LOAD
IB=0A
Iout = 10V/R1
 Current Reference

VR1 = VREF = 10V

IGND≠0A IB=0A
The voltage from
noninverting input to the
output is zero (i.e. no Vosi).
Simulating the DC Operating Point
 Probe Different Nodes

You can probe any

node. In this case I
am probing V3. Voltage at meters is
displayed.
Vout = -4V
 Common Amplifiers
Rf 99k

R1 1k

- Vout

+
Vin
+
Inverting Amp

Vout Rf
=-
Vin R1

Rf 99k

- Vout R1 1k

+ - Vout
+

+
Vin
+
Noninverting Amp
Vin
Buffer Vout Rf
= +1
Vout = Vin Vin R1
 Superposition principle
• Used for circuits with multiple input
sources.
• Analyze the output response for one
source at a time.
– Short unused voltage sources
– Open unused current sources
• Repeat the analysis for each source
• Add all the response from each analysis to
get the overall system respones
Superposition Example 2: Single Supply Amp
R2 1k

(Noninverting) 2(Vg1 + Vref)

R1 1k +5V
W.R.T.G
-

+ U1 OPA333 +
R2 1k V

+
VM1
Vref VG1
+5V
2Vg1 +Vref
R1 1k
w.r.t.g Vref
- Vref

+ U1 OPA333 +
V
+

VM1
VG1
0.1V R2 1k
2Vg1
Vref Vref
Vref w.r.t Ref R1 1k +5V -1 x Vref = -Vref
W.R.T.G
-

+ U1 OPA333 +
V
VM1

(2Vg1 + 2Vref) + (-Vref) = 2Vg1 +Vref W.R.T. GND Vref

(2Vg1 +Vref) – Vref = 2Vg1 W.R.T. Ref
Superposition Example 1: Diff Amp
Va1 R3 40k R5 40k

R3 40k R5 40k
Va1
Va1

Va1 A3
- Vout
Inverting Amp
Gain = -1 +
-Va1
- A3 Vout
Vin_dif
+ R3 40k R5 40k

Non-inverting Amp
Gain = 2 A3 Vout
Va2 R4 40k R6 40k -
Voltage Divider
Va2 +
Gain = 1/2 Va2 + Vref
Output Stage
Dif Amp Va2 R4 40k R6 40k
Vref
Va2 Va2 Vref
+
2 2 Vref
Find Vout Through Superposition
Vout = Va2 – Va1 + Vref
 Cf – Filter (High Gain)
Cf 10n
• At high frequency CF will
short RF
Rf 99k
– High Freq Gain = 0/1k+1 = 1
• At low frequency CF acts like +15V
an open R1 1k

– DC Gain = (99k/1k)+1 = 100 - Vout

+
U1 OPA827

+
Vin -15V
1
fp   160.8Hz
2   99k 10nF
 Low Frequency Gain 1
= 100 (40dB) fp   160.8Hz
2   99k 10nF

T 40.00

30.00 High Frequency

Gain = 1 (0dB)
Gain (dB)

20.00

10.00
Zero at f= 16.08kHz
0.00
40dB / 20dB/dec = 2 decades.
-10.00
0.00

-20.00
Phase [deg]

-40.00
-45o / decade
-60.00 +45o / decade
-80.00
1.00 10.00 100.00 1.00k 10.00k 100.00k 1.00M
Frequency (Hz)
 Cf – Filter (Low Gain)
Cf 10n
• At high frequency CF will
short RF
Rf 2k
– High Freq Gain = 0/1k+1 = 1
• At low frequency CF acts
+15V
like an open R1 1k
– DC Gain = (2k/1k)+1 = 3 - Vout

+
Vin -15V

1 3
fp   8  10 Hz
2   2k 10nF
 Low Frequency Gain
= 3 (9.54dB) 1 3
fp   8  10 Hz
2   2k 10nF
T 10.00
8.00

6.00 High Frequency

Gain (dB)

4.00 Gain = 1 (0dB)

2.00

0.00 Zero
-2.00
0.00

-10.00
Phase [deg]

-20.00 -45o / decade

-30.00 +45o / decade

-40.00
1.00 10.00 100.00 1.00k 10.00k 100.00k 1.00M
Frequency (Hz)
Spice: Find the Transfer Function
 The inverting amp with Cf
• At high frequency CF will
short RF
– High Freq Gain =- 0/1k = 0
• At low frequency CF acts
like an open
– DC Gain = -(2k/1k) = -2
 Comparing responses in Tina
(Non-inverting vs. Inverting)

1. Use “control-C” to copy the graph.

2. Use the tabs (see bottom) to change plots.
3. Use “control-V” to past the response into a
different plot
 Nodal Analysis
• Sum of all currents at a node is zero
• Assume all currents flow out of node
• Assume node is the highest voltage
potential
• For Op-Amps
– Ib = 0A
– Vosi = 0V (voltage between op-amp inputs)
Nodal Analysis on simple circuit

Va - V4 Va - V5

R2 R3
Va - V4 Va Va - V5
Va + + =0
R2 1k R3 2k R2 R4 R3

R2  R4  V5 + R3  R4  V4
R4 5k

V4 5 Va - 0V V5 2
Va =
R4 R2  R3 + R2  R4 + R3  R4
Nodal Analysis: Transimpedance Amp
The sum of the
Cf 4p currents at the
node are zero.
I2 Cf 4p
Cin 70p Rf 100k I1
Cin 70p Rf 100k

The node -15V I3

I4
Voltage = Vin
-15V
-
0V Vout
+ Also remember -
IB is zero Vout
+ +
Vin
+15V +
-
Vin
- +15V
I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 = 0 Vin  Vout
Vin 1
s  Cf
But I 4 = 0 1
s Cin 1/(sCf)

I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 Cf 4p
1/(sCin)

Rf 100k
Cin 70p
Vin Vin - Vout Vin - Vout
+ + =0 Vin  Vout
1 Rf 1
Rf
s Cin s Cf

-15V

Vin + Cf  Rf  Vin s + Cin Rf  Vin s

= Vout -
Cf  R f  s + 1 Vout
+
+
Vin
Vout ( Cf  Rf + Cin Rf  s + 1
) - +15V
=
Vin Cf  Rf  s + 1
Va - Vm Va - Vb
+ =0 (1) Node a on inverting input
RI Rf
Improved Howland
Current Pump
RI Vb + Rf  Vm (2) Solve 1 for Va
Va =
R I + Rf

Va - Vp Va - Vc
+ =0 (3) Node a on noninverting input
RI Rf

RI Vb - RI Vc + Rf  Vm - Rf  Vp
=0 (4) Substitute 2 into 3
RI Rf RF 5k

RI Vc - Rf  Vm + Rf  Vp (5) Solve 4 for Vb

Vb = Va Vc
RI
RI 1k
- RS 5
Vc - Vb Vc - Va Iout
+ + Iout = 0
(6) Node c
Vm 100m +
Rs Rf Va Vb

R5 10
Vc = Iout RL
(7) Iout relationship
RI 1k RF 5k

 Rf Rs   Rf 
Vp   +1+  - Vm  + 1 (8) substitute 1, 5, Vp 200m

Iout =
 RI Rf
  RI  and 7 into 6 and
solve for Iout
 R I RL 
Rs  + + 1
 Rf Rf 

Rf
( Vp - Vm
RI
)
(10) Assume Rf>>Rs
Iout =
Rs Assume Rf >>RL
 Mathcad
• Does symbolic analyses of transfer functions
– Substitute, Simplify, and Solve Equations
• Numerical evaluation of complex expressions
• Document your work
• Mathcad is not a number crunching software
package like Matlab or Mathematica
 Select the expression and
press control-C.

Select the variable that you

want to substitute. Use menu
option:
Symbolics\Variable\Substitute

The expression with the

substitution will appear below.
This expression is simplified.
Select the variable that you
want to simplify. Use menu
option: Symbolics\Simplify

Result of simplification
Evaluate an expression for specific
values. Note the equal sign is
different for evaluations then
symbolic.
“CTRL =“ Used for symbolic
“:” used for numeric evaluation
Past function here.

Past independent variable here.

Adjust axis scale as needed.
 Select sine wave, amplitude,
and period.

Click on Vg1
Click on “…”
to edit signal.
button to edit
signal.
 Select Result
transient window
analysis.

Adjust period to
match signals period
(5 x period in this
example).
Real Diode vs. Ideal Diode
Id

Zero forward
drop

Reverse Bias Forward Bias

Vd
Add the diode into the
circuit and run the same
transient analysis.
Analysis results.
Half wave rectifier.
Note: the forward
voltage is zero. The
op-amp makes the
diode ideal.
1. Find the transfer function the following circuit using “Simple Ideal Amp
Analysis”. The circuit is called an averaging circuit.

Rin1 2k

Rf 2k
Vin1 -1
Rin2 2k

Vin2 2

- Vout

+
2. Find the transfer function the following circuit using “Superposition”.

R1 10k R2 10k

VM1
R3 10k
+
V

AM1
- R4 8 -
+
A
+ +

Vin 1 Vref
2.5
Vref
2.5
3. Find the transfer function the following circuit using “Nodal Analysis”.
The circuit is called a t-network feedback op-amp. It has the advantage of
high gain with low feedback resistance values.
R2 1k R3 1k

R1 1k

R4 100
Vin 2

- Vout

+
4. Use Tina Spice to simulate the following circuit. Find the poles through
calculation and simulation. Explain the different slopes of the transfer
function (e.g. Why is one region is -40dB/decade).

C1 10n

R2 199k

-15V
-15V
R1 1k 2 4
- Vout
2 4
- R3 10k 3 + 6
+
3 + 6 7
+ U2 OPA827
7 U1 OPA827
C2 5u
+

+15V
VG1 +15V
5. Challenging Problem: Find the transfer function the following circuit. The
circuit is a current loop transmitter (Voltage in, 4 to 20mA Out).