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    Arc Hydro

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    Nancy Niola
    The document discusses how to use Arc Hydro tools to preprocess terrain data and delineate watersheds and stream networks by processing digital elevation models to identify drainage patterns, fill sinks, determine flow direction and accumulation, define streams, segment stream networks, delineate catchments, and convert outputs to vector formats for further analysis in ArcGIS. It provides an overview of the key Arc Hydro tools and steps involved in preprocessing terrain data and delineating watersheds and subwatersheds.

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    Arc Hydro

    Uploaded by

    Nancy Niola
    83 views64 pages
    The document discusses how to use Arc Hydro tools to preprocess terrain data and delineate watersheds and stream networks by processing digital elevation models to identify drainage patterns, fill sinks, determine flow direction and accumulation, define streams, segment stream networks, delineate catchments, and convert outputs to vector formats for further analysis in ArcGIS. It provides an overview of the key Arc Hydro tools and steps involved in preprocessing terrain data and delineating watersheds and subwatersheds.

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    The document discusses how to use Arc Hydro tools to preprocess terrain data and delineate watersheds and stream networks by processing digital elevation models to identify drainage patterns, fill sinks, determine flow direction and accumulation, define streams, segment stream networks, delineate catchments, and convert outputs to vector formats for further analysis in ArcGIS. It provides an overview of the key Arc Hydro tools and steps involved in preprocessing terrain data and delineating watersheds and subwatersheds.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    83 views64 pages

    Arc Hydro

    Uploaded by

    Nancy Niola
    The document discusses how to use Arc Hydro tools to preprocess terrain data and delineate watersheds and stream networks by processing digital elevation models to identify drainage patterns, fill sinks, determine flow direction and accumulation, define streams, segment stream networks, delineate catchments, and convert outputs to vector formats for further analysis in ArcGIS. It provides an overview of the key Arc Hydro tools and steps involved in preprocessing terrain data and delineating watersheds and subwatersheds.

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    TERRAIN PRE PROCESSING USING ARC HYDRO

    TERRAIN PRE PROCESSING

    Processing of DEM to delineate watershed


    Several tools available online for this purpose
    Arc Hydro tools to process DEM to delineate
    watershed, subwatersheds, stream networks
    AUTOMATED DELINEATION OF WATERSHED/STREAM

    Different water programs that where modeling requires accurate


    geospatial representations of the watershed under assessment
    ◦ Accurate identification of
    ◦ Drainage area
    ◦ Surface water quality monitoring stations
    ◦ Flow gages
    ◦ Points of wastewater discharge
    ◦ Water intakes/outlets
    ARC HYDRO

    ArcGIS-based system
    consists of two key components:
    ◦ Arc Hydro Data Model

    ◦ Arc Hydro Tools


    ◦ The Arc Hydro tools operate in the ArcGIS environment
    ◦ Some of the functions require ‘Spatial Analyst extension’
    SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

    Arc Hydro (for ArcGIS version in use)


    https://community.esri.com/message/393615-arc-hydro-
    installation-versions-and-documentation
    DATA REQUIREMENT

    DEM Grid
    Hydrography Data
    ◦ Stream network (vector data)
    ARC HYDRO TOOLBAR
    6 menus
    9 tools
    ARC HYDRO TOOLS TOOLBOX
    Additional tools in the geoprocessing
    environment are available in the Arc Hydro
    Tools toolbox
    ARC HYDRO TOOLS HAVE TWO KEY PURPOSES
    1. to manipulate (assign) key attributes in the Arc Hydro data model
    ◦ These attributes form the basis for further analyses
    ◦ include the key identifiers (such as HydroID, DrainID, NextDownID, etc.) and the measure attributes
    (such as LengthDown)

    2. to provide some core functionality often used in water resources


    applications
    ◦ includes DEM-based watershed delineation, network generation, and attribute-based tracing
    Tools list – Toolbar
    TERRAIN PROCESSING
    Getting Started with Arc Hydro

    Basic Dendritic Terrain Processing


    GETTING STARTED WITH ARC HYDRO

    Open ArcMap
    Save map
    Load Arc Hydro Tools
    Activate Spatial Analyst Extension
    Load Data (DEM, Stream network)
    SET TARGET LOCATIONS
    Select ApUtilities > Set Target Locations
    Select the HydroConfig node
    Important: starting a new Arc Hydro Project

    ―The first layer added to the map sets the spatial reference
    for the map data frame.
    ―MUST not use a geographic projection system
    ―Arc Hydro will set the projection of the output target
    dataset accordingly
    TERRAIN PREPROCESSING STEPS
    Terrain Preprocessing uses DEM to identify the surface drainage pattern
    ◦ DEM Reconditioning
    ◦ Pit Removal (Fill Sinks)
    ◦ Flow Direction
    ◦ Flow Accumulation
    ◦ Stream Definition
    ◦ Stream Segmentation
    ◦ Catchment Grid Delineation
    ◦ Raster to Vector Conversion (Catchment Polygon, Drainage Line, Drainage Point
    Processing)
    Basic dendritic terrain processing
    workflow
    DEM RECONDITIONING
    This function modifies a DEM by imposing linear features onto it
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗ Data Manipulation ⃗DEM
    Reconditioning
    AGREE:
    DEM SURFACE RECONDITIONING SYSTEM

    DEM RECONDITIONING
    Original DEM and Known Streams Burned DEM and Known Streams Burned DEM and Burned Streams

    Surface Reconditioned DEM and Known Streams Surface Reconditioned DEM and Surface Original DEM and All Streams
    Reconditioned Streams
    When ‘Burn’ in is feasible?
    When it should be use?
    ◦ sources of the data for the DEM and for known streams are the same (in scale
    and time)
    ◦ discrepancies in the patterns are due to the artifacts of the DEM construction
    and D8 flow direction determination

    When it should NOT be used?


    ◦ Burning should not be used when the data sources are of different scale or
    age
    DEM RECONDITIONING CONT…
    Select the appropriate input DEM and linear feature
    (streams to burn in)
    FILL SINKS

    • Fills the sinks in a grid


    • Higher elevation cells around a cell will trap water and not
    let water flow from that cell
    • Modification of elevation value is required to eliminate this
    problem
    PIT REMOVAL

    A pit is a set of one or more cells which has no downstream cells around it
    There are artificial pits in DEM which needed to be removed
    Otherwise these pits become sinks
    Pit Filling is increasing the elevation until the pit drains to a neighbor cell
    PIT FILLING
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗ Data Manipulation ⃗Fill Sinks
    FLOW DIRECTION
    Computes the flow direction for a grid according to the 8-point
    pour flow direction model
    In the direction of the steepest descent from a cell
    EIGHT DIRECTION POUR POINT MODEL
    STEEPEST SLOPE: D8 ALGORITHM
    Topography defines drainage direction on the landscape
    In a grid representation of topography, water flows from a cell to one and
    only one of its eight nearest orthogonal or diagonal neighbors in the
    direction of steepest descent
    Through this concept a grid of flow accumulation from a DEM can be
    determined
    80 74 63

    69 67 56

    60 52 48
    Slope of steepest descent to define the pathway of water flowing downhill

    drop refers to the difference in elevation between the “from


    cell” and the “to cell”
    Run is equal to the cell size for flow along the coordinate
    directions, and equal to √2 x cell size for flow in the diagonal
    directions
    FLOW DIRECTION GRID

    2 2 4 4 8
    1 2 4 8 4
    4 1 2 4 8
    2 4 4 4 4
    1 2 1 4 16
    FLOW DIRECTION GRID

    2 2 4 4 8
    1 2 4 8 4
    4 1 2 4 8
    2 4 4 4 4
    1 2 1 4 16
    GRID NETWORK
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗Flow Direction
    FLOW ACCUMULATION
    Computes the flow accumulation grid for each cell in input grid that
    contains the accumulated number of cells upstream of a cell
    Flow Accumulation Grid
    0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

    0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 2 0

    0 0 0 1 0 0 10 0 1
    10
    1 0 0 1 0 0 14 0
    0 14
    0 4 1 1 0 4 1 19 1
    19
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗Flow Accumulation
    STREAM DEFINITION
    The stream definition step identifies those cells that are “streams”.
    The streams are defined as those cells that drain more area than a
    user specified threshold Stream Network for 10 cell
    Threshold Drainage Area

    Flow Accumulation > 10 Cell Threshold 0 0 0 0 0


    0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0
    0 2 2 2 0 0
    0 0 10 1
    0 0 10 0 1
    1 0 0 0
    1 0 0 14 0 14
    0 4 1 1
    0 4 1 19 1 19
    STREAM DEFINITION
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗Stream Definition
    A default value is displayed for the river threshold representing 1% of the
    maximum flow accumulation

    Any other value of threshold can be selected.


    Smaller threshold will result in denser stream network and usually in a greater number of
    delineated catchments
    STREAM SEGMENTATION
    The stream segmentation step uniquely numbers stream segments
    (links) between the confluences
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗Stream Segmentation
    STRLNK GRID
    Watershed Draining to Outlet
    CATCHMENT GRID DELINEATION
    This step identifies drainage areas (in grid format) that drain to
    each stream link
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗Catchment Grid Delineation
    CAT GRID
    CATCHMENT POLYGON
    This function converts a catchment grid into a catchment
    polygon feature (vector format)
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗Catchment Polygon Processing
    DRAINAGE LINE PROCESSING
    The drainage line processing step defines stream segments in
    vector format
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗Drainage Line Processing
    ADJOINT CATCHMENT PROCESSING

    The adjoint catchment processing step


    determines the cumulative area upstream from a
    catchment (in vector format).
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗Adjoint
    Catchment Processing
    DRAINAGE POINTS PROCESSING
    This function allows generating the drainage
    points associated to the catchments
    Function: Terrain Preprocessing ⃗Drainage Point
    Processing
    WATERSHED PROCESSING

    Batch Watershed Delineation


    Interactive Point Delineation
    Batch Subwatershed Delineation
    Flow Path Tracing
    BATCH WATERSHED DELINEATION
    This function delineates the watershed upstream of each point in an input
    Batch Point feature class
    Make visible Fac, Catchment and DrainageLine datasets
    Click on the icon in the Arc Hydro Tools toolbar
    Click on the outlet grid cell at the watershed outlet
    A point will be created at the location of mouse click
    BATCH POINT GENERATION
    Function: Watershed Processing ⃗ Batch Watershed Delineation
    INTERACTIVE POINT DELINEATION
    An alternative to delineate watersheds when you do not want to use the
    batch mode (process a group of points simultaneously) to generate the
    watershed for a single point of interest is the Point Delineation tool
    The new point will be added to the WatershedPoint feature class,
    and the new Watershed will be added to the Watershed feature
    class
    BATCH SUBWATERSHED DELINEATION

    Arc Hydro creates the vector polygon sub-watersheds by processing


    the drainage points
    Sub-watersheds cover the drainage area upstream of the outlet
    points and downstream of all other points

    Function: Watershed Processing ⃗Batch Subwatershed Delineation


    REFERENCES
    Arc Hydro: GIS for Water Resources by David Maidment (ESRI Press)
    Arc Hydro Tools Overview:
    http://downloads.esri.com/blogs/hydro/ah2/arc_hydro_tools_2_0_ove
    rview.pdf
    Arc Hydro Tools:
    http://ftp.swfwmd.state.fl.us/pub/GWIS/ArcHydroTools_v2.0/Doc/Arc_
    Hydro_GP_Tools_2.0_Tutorial.pdf
    Comprehensive Terrain Preprocessing Using Arc Hydro Tools:
    http://www.hydrosys.net/myplus/bbs/table/hydrosys_doc/upload/Com
    prehensive%20terrain%20preprocessing%20using%20Arc%20Hydro%2
    0tools.pdf

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