Categories of Cased Hole Logs

CATEGORIES OF CASED HOLE LOGS
CATEGORIES OF CASED HOLE LOGS:
• For purposes of this text, cased hole logs may be placed into the
following four categories:
• Formation Evaluation
• Wellbore Integrity
• Fluid Movement During Production/Injection
• Other
Formation Evaluation
• Logging tools in this category are designed to evaluate formation

properties. Included are formation shale content, clay type, and
vertical definition of zones which are clean and shale free. Logging
services in this category are also capable of determining the type of
rock (sand, lime, etc.), the type of hydrocarbon, i.e., gas or oil, and its
saturation.
Wellbore Integrity
This category of logs includes the wide variety of logs to evaluate the
cement sheath around the casing. Cement top location, fraction of
annular fill, and cement compressive strength can be measured.
Fluid Movement During
Production/Injection
This category includes tools which detect channels behind pipe in both
injection and production wells. Such tools furthermore detect zones of
fluid injection, location of pumpedin materials such as fracture fluid or
proppant, and even can directionally detect the orientation of certain
injected particulates. Flow profiles in both injection and production
may be evaluated along with the contributions of each phase of
produced fluid on a zone by zone basis.
Other
This category is a catch-all for services whose application or

environment may be unusual. For example, the gravel pack logs are
designed to evaluate the presence of gravel outside of a wire wrapped
or slotted liner, a condition which is neither in casing nor out of it.
Another grouping in this catch-all category are the stuck point or free
point indicator tools. These are typically not closely related to reservoir
management and are of a more immediate operational concern. These
surveys are not covered in this text.
Operational Considerations
• Cased hole logging tools are typically run on wireline. This line may be
either armored electrical cable or "slick line." Units using electrical
cable transmit data to the surface and data is gathered in real time.
• With slick line units, data is gathered and recorded downhole and
retrieved when the tool string is brought to the surface.
• In highly deviated and horizontal wells, various tricks must be done to
get the tools into and moving across the interval of interest. Such
operations are typically done with coiled tubing units where the
electric wireline is inside of the coiled tubing to which the tool string
is rigidly attached.
• In most cases tool diameter is important since it is the deciding factor
between "through tubing" or "in casing" operations.
THE CASED HOLE LOGGING JOB
THE WELL
Typical Well Profile
Most wells are cased over a large interval
to protect the shallow fresh water sands,
to prevent collapse of the formations into
the borehole, to maintain pressure control
over widely varying pressured zones
encountered during drilling, and to allow
for a controlled completion.
Natural Completions:
Natural completions are those in which the pressure downhole is sufficient to drive the produced fluid to the
surface without the use of pumping equipment.
1. Perforated Cased Hole Completion: Primary production comes from a zone which is cased and cemented to
isolate it from neighboring zones. That zone, which is hydrocarbon bearing, is perforated to establish commu
nication between it and the wellbore.
2. Open Hole or "Barefoot" Completion. This type of completion occurs when casing is set to just above the
zone or zones bearing hydrocarbons.
3. Slotted Liners or Casing Completion. Such a completion is in fact an open hole completion with a slotted pipe
set in the producing interval to prevent the hole from collapsing. The slotted pipe is not cemented into place.
4. Gravel Packed Completions. This type of completion is typically done to prevent unconsolidated formation
material from being produced into the wellbore Usually casing is cemented in place and perforated. Then, a
wire wrapped screen is set inside the casing.
5. Dual or Multiple Completions. These completions typically have two or more tubing strings in the same well.
These tubing strings are each designed to produce different zones and are set up with special packers capable
of passing two or more tubing strings.
Pumping Wells
Pumping wells are those in which pumping equipment is used to reduce the pressure
down hole and bring the produced fluid to the surface. These techniques are used
when formation pressures are not adequate to force produced fluids to the surface.
1. Rod Pumped Wells. Rod pumped wells are probably the most common type of
pumping well, especially among wells with low flowrates.
2. Electric Submersible Pumps- These are subsur{ace hydraulic pumps located at the
bottom of tubing and powered by electrical or hydraulic energy. These generally
cannot be logged unless a "Y" tool is situated at the end of the tubing string. This
tool allows passage of the logging tool even as the pump works.
3. Gas Lift. Gas lift is a method wherein gas is pumped into the tubing string, thereby
removing the heavier fluids present and reducing the hydrostatic pressure on the
formation. This type of well can be logged much like a naturally completed well.
THE LOGGING JOB
General Information Required:
• A complete and accurate well sketch should be available showing all sizes and weights of tubing and casing, all
restrictions and other trinkets down hole, and their depths. Such a sketch should also show the deviation angle.
• Anticipate downhole conditions. What is the temperature and pressure? Is H2S present? Is gas present
downhole? The logging tools or even cable may not be rated or suitable for the conditions to be encountered
and you may require special equipment. Be sure to work with the service company closely on such matters.
• How long is the tool string with all of the necessary sensors? Consider riser pipe length limitations, need for
weights, and the longer the tool the less likely it will pass through tubing which may be coiled up above the
packer.
• Is the well head configuration known to the service company so that they can flange up without undue delay?
• Subject to safety considerations, it is usually preferable to run the tool downhole with the well flowing. To do
this, you may have to consider the flowrates anticipated downhole and in the tubing. If you must shut in, the
well will have to be restabilized with the tool in the hole.
• Is a dummy run required? It is not uncommon for tubing to coil up above the packer enough that the tool
cannot pass. Such a dummy run is done using weights prior to risking the expensive logging tools in the
hole.
• Will the operations be daylight only or will they also proceed at night?

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CATEGORIES OF CASED HOLE LOGS

CATEGORIES OF CASED HOLE LOGS:

• Logging tools in this category are designed to evaluate formation

This category is a catch-all for services whose application or

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