Building Services-I: House Drainage System Rain Water Harvesting

Building Services-I
HOUSE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

RAIN WATER HARVESTING
House Drainage Systems
The W.C, Bathrooms, Sinks, Wash basins, etc. are important components of a house.
The Waste water from W.C, bathrooms, sinks and wash basins is to be properly disposed in to
the municipal sewers. It is therefore necessary to construct a system of conveyance of
wastewater from W.C, bathrooms, kitchens and washbasins and disposal to the municipal sewer.
This system is known as house drainage system.
The following requirements are suggested to be considered in the design of drainage system:
a) The layout shall be as simple and direct as practicable.
b) The pipes should be laid in straight lines, as far as possible, in both vertical and horizontal planes.
c) Anything that is likely to cause irregularity of flow, such as abrupt changes of direction, shall be avoided.
d) The pipes should be non-absorbent, durable, smooth in bore and of adequate strength.
e) The pipes should be adequately supported without restricting movement.
f) Drains should be well ventilated, to prevent the accumulation of foul gases and fluctuation of air pressure within the
pipe, which could lead to unsealing (siphoning) of gully or water closet traps.
g) All the parts of the drainage system should be accessible for feasibility of inspection and practical maintenance.
h) No bends and junctions whatsoever shall be permitted in sewers except at manholes and inspection chambers.
j) Sewer drain shall be laid for self-cleaning velocity of 0.75 m/s and generally should not flow
more than half-full.
k) Pipes crossing in walls and floors shall be through mild steel sleeves of diameter leaving an
annular space of 5 mm around the outer diameter of the pipe crossing the wall.
m) Pipes should not be laid close to building foundation.
n) Pipes should not pass near large trees because of possibility of damage by the roots.
o) Branch connections should be swept in the direction of flow.
p) Sewer pipes should be at least 900 mm below road and at least 600 mm below fields and
gardens.
q) Pipes should not pass under a building unless absolutely necessary.
Rain water Harvesting
There are several methods by which rainwater can be stored, used and conserved. Each system
depends on the amount of precipitation, the period in which the rainfall occurs in a year and the
physical infrastructure, for example space available to store the water, etc.
Two major systems that are ideal for urban and semi-urban developed areas are:
a) Passive Harvesting
B) Active Harvesting
Artificial ground water recharge:
With increase in the impermeable surfaces in modern built up areas, there is gross reduction in the original catchment area. This results in a
large quantity of water, normally percolating into the ground, running off to the natural drains and into the rivers, causing increased runoff and
flooding of downstream areas.
It is therefore essential to catch the runoff and use it for augmentation of ground water reservoir by modifying the natural movement of
surface water by recharging it by artificial means, for example construction of recharge structures. The main objectives achieved may be:
a) Enhancement of sustainable yield in areas where over development and depletion of the aquifers.
b) Conservation and storage of excess surface water in the aquifers.
c) Improve the quality of the existing ground water through dilution.
d) Remove bacteriological and suspended impurities during the surface water transition within the subsoil.
e) Maintain the natural balance of the ground water and its usage as the rainwater is a renewable supply source. A well managed and
controlled tapping of the aquifers will provide constant, dependable and safe water supply.
Advantages:
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water restrictions
and in developed countries is often used to supplement the main supply.
It provides water when there is a drought, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying areas, and
reduces demand on wells which may enable ground water levels to be sustained.
It also helps in the availability of potable water as rainwater is substantially free of salinity and
other salts.
1.Passive Rainwater Collection
Passive rainwater collection is the act of slowing down rainwater and letting it infiltrate on site
rather than channeling it into the storm drain system.
A passive system uses earthworks to control surface water flow and uses the soil as the storage
container. Intercepted rainwater can be collected, slowed down and retained or routed through
the site landscape using micro basins, swales and other water harvesting structures.
Redirecting the roof downspout into a landscaped area is an example of passive rain water
harvesting.
2. Active rain water harvesting
Active rainwater collection systems integrate a storage container, a tank or cistern, into the
system to catch rainwater runoff for later use on the property.
These tanks can be installed above or below ground. Above ground systems usually rely on
gravity to disperse the water and serve smaller areas.
The in ground system requires a pump but can provide water throughout the site.
In either case active systems bring a great advantage --water can be stored and used when the
soils are dry (instead of while the ground is soaked from the same rain that filled your tank).
Active systems are also more complex than passive systems, cost more and require more
maintenance.
Components of Rain water harvesting system
1. Catchments: The catchment of a water harvesting system is the surface which directly receives the rainfall and provides water to
the system. It can be a paved area like a terrace or courtyard of a building, or an unpaved area like a lawn or open ground. A roof
made of reinforced cement concrete (RCC), galvanised iron or corrugated sheets can also be used for water harvesting.
2. Coarse mesh at the roof to prevent the passage of debris.
3. Gutters: Channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport rainwater to the storage tank. Gutters can be
semi-circular or rectangular and could be made using Locally available material such as plain galvanized iron sheet, Semi-circular
gutters of PVC material can be readily prepared by cutting those pipes into two equal semi-circular channels.
Bamboo or betel trunks cut vertically in half.
The size of the gutter should be according to the flow during the highest intensity rain. It is advisable to make them 10 to 15 per
cent oversize.
4.Conduits
Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop area to the harvesting system.
Conduits can be of any material like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized iron (GI), materials that are commonly
available.
5. Filter
The filter is used to remove suspended pollutants from rainwater collected over roof. A filter unit is a chamber filled with
filtering media such as fiber, coarse sand and gravel layers to remove debris and dirt from water before it enters the
storage tank or recharge structure. Charcoal can be added for additional filtration.
6. Recharge structures
Rainwater may be charged into the groundwater aquifers through any suitable structures like dugwells, borewells,
recharge trenches and recharge pits.

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Building Services-I

HOUSE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

b) Conservation and storage of excess surface water in the aquifers.

c) Improve the quality of the existing ground water through dilution.

2. Coarse mesh at the roof to prevent the passage of debris.

Bamboo or betel trunks cut vertically in half.

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