UNIT 1 SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY

DIVERSITY OF
MICROORGANISMS
esenting the variety in the microbial world
Part 1 – Viruses and Bacteria
Lesson 4 – Diversity of Microorganisms
• Describe the characteristics used to
classify or categorize viruses
• Discuss differences between virions,
viroids and prions
• List various ways in which bacteria can
be classified or categorized
• State several ways in which archaeans
differ from bacteria
 MICROORGANISMS

PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
ARCHAEA ALGAE
BACTERIA PROTOZOA
CYANOBACTERIA FUNGI

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VIRUSES
•a biological agent
that reproduces in
side the cells of
•living hosts
acellular microorganisms
that are obligate
intracellular parasites
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VIRIONS
•a complete,
infectious viral
particle
•a virus that
contains all of
its parts DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS
CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES
They possess either DNA or
RNA, unlike living cells,
which possess both.
They are unable to replicate
(multiply) on their own.
They do not divide by
binary fission, mitosis or
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CHARACTERISTICS OF VIRUSES
They lack the genes and
enzymes necessary for energy
production.
They depend on the
ribosomes, enzymes, and
metabolites of the host cell
for protein and nucleic acid
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DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS
Basis For Virus Classification
Type of genetic Type of host it
material (DNA or infects
RNA) Type of disease it
Shape of capsid produces
Number of Target cell
capsomeres Immunologic or
Size of the capsid antigenic
Presence of an properties
envelope DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS
DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS
Viral Shapes

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Viral Shapes

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ORIGIN OF VIRUSES
Viruses existed
before cells
Cells came first
before viruses
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BACTERIOPHAGES
a virus that infects a
bacterium

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VIRULENT VS. TEMPERATE BACTERIOPHAGES

VIRULENT BACTERIOPHAGES
a bacteriophage that regularly
causes lysis of the bacteria it
infects
TEMPERATE
BACTERIOPHAGES
a bacteriophage whose genome
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LYTIC CYCLE
/ Adsorption

Penetration

Biosynthesis
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ANIMAL VIRUSES
viruses that infect humans and
animals

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MULTIPLICATION OF ANIMAL VIRUSES

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VIROIDS AND PRIONS
VIROIDS
infectious RNA molecules
capable of causing certain plant
disease
PRIONS
small infectious proteins that
apparently cause fatal
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ICTV CLASSIFICATION
1 phylum
2 subphyla
6 classes
14 orders
5 suborders
143 families
64 subfamilies
846 genera
4,958
DIVERSITY species
OF MICROORGANISMS
BALTIMORE CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES

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GROUP I (dsDNA)

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GROUP II (ssDNA)

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GROUP III (dsRNA)

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GROUP IV ((+)ssRNA)

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GROUP V ((-)ssRNA)

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GROUP VI ((+)ssRNA-RT)

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GROUP VII (dsRNA-RT)

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BALTIMORE CLASSIFICATION OF VIRUSES

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PROKARYOTES

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PHENOTYPIC CATEGORIES OF BACTERIA

Gram-negative bacteria
with cell wall
Gram-positive bacteria
with cell wall
Bacteria lacking a cell
wall DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS
CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIA
Cell morphology Nutritional
Staining requirements
reactions Biochemical and
Motility metabolic
Colony activities
morphology Specific enzymes
Atmospheric that the organism
requirements produces
Pathogenicity
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CELL MORPHOLOGY (SHAPE)
Coccus – round or
spherical
Bacillus – rectangular or
rod-shaped
Spirillum – curved and
spiral
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STAINING PROCEDURE
Simple staining procedure
sufficient to determine bacterial
shape and morphologic
arrangement (example: staining
with methylene blue)

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STAINING PROCEDURE
Structural staining procedure
used to observe bacterial capsules,
spores, and flagella collectively
(example: capsule stains, flagella
stains, and endospore stains)

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STAINING PROCEDURE
Differential staining procedure
differentiate one group of bacteria
from another (example: Gram Stain
and Acid-fast stain)

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MOTILITY

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FLAGELLAR ARRANGEMENT
Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
Peritrichous
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COLONY MORPHOLOGY

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ATMOSPHERIC REQUIREMENTS
Obligate Aerobes
Microaerophiles
Obligate Anaerobes
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Facultative anaerobes
Capnophiles DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS
STRAIN
a low level taxonomic rank, standing below species.
A strain of a bacterial species represents
interspecific diversity (diversity within the species).
When colonies of a particular bacterial species is
isolated on a petri plate, various colonies seen on
the petri dish represent the different strains of that
particular species of bacteria.
According to 16S rRNA studies, if the similarity
between two species is below 97%, then a new
strain of the species has come into existence.
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SEROTYPE/ SEROVAR
a sub-group of species, which are
grouped according to their antigenic
properties.
Serotypes are sub-groups of the same
species of micro-organism which
share similar antigens (antigenically),
and the antibodies that are directed
against those antigens are the same
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