General Chemistry Quarter 2 - Module 2

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
QUARTER 2 - MODULE 2
Self-Learning Ppt
Heavenly loving Father, You are the
PRAYER
Your eternal guidance keeps us alive.
source of life and love
You are the source of inspiration and Lord, as we start the day may You be
light. our inspiration
May You full us with love and
We come before your Holy presence, protection
Lord God
God of mercy we are eternally asking
Touch the heart of each and everyone
for forgiveness for all our
and empower us with your Holy
shortcomings
Spirit.
For the times that we failed to call

you and for the times we failed to do We give back all the glory and honor
the things in accordance with your to you Lord God
will This we ask and thank in Jesus
Lord of all blessings we are very mighty we pray…
grateful for showering us good things
and graces in our lives
AMEN…
You never let us down…
CHECKING OF
ATTENDANCE!!!!!
This Power Point Presentation was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master the Electron Configuration: Magnetic Property of the Atom. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The PowerPoint Presentation is about:
Lesson 1 – Electronic Structure of Atoms: Electron
Configuration
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. write the electronic configuration of elements;

2. illustrate the electron distribution using orbital diagrams; and
3. determine the magnetic property of an atom based on its electronic
configuration.
LET'S DISCUSS
AND ANALYZE
TOGETHER!
Lesson 1 :
"Electronic
Structure of
Atoms: Electron
Configuration"
Electron configurations is the electronic structure of an
atom in its ground state as a listing of orbitals occupied by
the electrons. It provides insight into the chemical behavior
of elements by helping determine the valence electrons of
an atom. It allows for the elements to be classified into
different orbitals or blocks (such as the s-block, p-block,
d-block, and f-block elements). The four quantum
numbers n, l, m l, and m s are also very useful in
determining the location of an electron in an orbital.
ATOMIC ORBITALS
An atomic orbital can be used to find the probability of location an electron in a
specific region around the nucleus. There are four types of orbitals, s, p, d, and f. s-
orbital is a spherical region of space with high electron density and can hold up to
maximum of 2 electrons. p-orbital is a dumbbell-shaped region of space with high
electron density and can hold a maximum of 6 electrons. d-orbital is a four- lobed
shaped region that can hold up to a maximum of 10 electrons. f-orbital is a
multilobed region of space with high electron density and can hold a maximum of 14
electrons.
The quantum mechanical model of an atom uses three
quantum numbers to describe an orbital: principal
quantum number, azimuthal quantum number, and
magnetic quantum number. The collection of orbitals
with the same value of n is called an electron shell. All the
orbitals that have n=2 are said to be in the second shell.
The orbitals that have the same n and l values is called a
subshell. Each subshell is designated by a number (the
energy level) and a letter (s, p, d, f that refers to the value
of l). Example, the orbitals that have the values of n=2 and
l =0 are called 2s orbitals and are in the 2s subshell.
Figure 1.Order of filling up of electrons by energy levels of an atom
Orbital diagrams
Orbital diagrams are used to represent how electrons are
arranged in an orbital. Orbitals are represented by boxes
and electrons are represented by arrows. Each block can
hold a maximum of two (2) electrons of opposing spins.
Take for example the element Hydrogen with electron
configuration 1s1 can be represented as:
Orbital diagrams can help determine the electron

configuration of an element as electron configuration
is simply the arrangement of electrons in the shells.
Filling of atomic orbitals
follows a set of rules:
1.Aufbau Principle
2. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
3.Hund’s Rule
1.Aufbau Principle
the term “aufbau” originates from German word Aufbauen which means “to build”. In
essence, when writing electron configurations, the lower energy levels are filled up first before the
higher energy levels. According to this principle, electrons are filled following this order: 1s, 2s, 3s,
3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p
Figure 2. Filling up of electrons according to Aufbau Principle

2. Pauli’s Exclusion Principle
in 1925, an Austrian physicist named Wolfgang Pauli discovered how electron
spin works and established the Pauli’s Exclusion Principle. This principle states at no
two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers and an orbital can only
hold a maximum of two electrons, which are of opposing spins.
Thus, writing the orbital diagram element of Lithium, with an atomic number of
3, must be:
3.Hund’s Rule
every orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly
occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin. For example, the
element Carbon which 6 electrons (remember, atomic number = number of electrons),
the orbital diagram should look like:

Electron Configuration
Electron configuration summarizes the distribution of electrons around the atomic orbitals. Electron
configuration explains an element’s chemical behavior by helping determine the valence electrons of an
atom. It is often found in most periodic tables and follows a standard notation. For example, the electron
configuration of Fluorine (9) is 1s22s22p5 as it is located on the 2nd energy level and 5th element on the p-
block. It is also interesting to note that valence shell (2) in this example corresponds to the period where to find
the element and the valence electron (7) corresponds to the group (+10) / Family (A elements only) of the said
Figure 3. Periodic Table of Elements
In writing the electron configuration, it must be noted that the total number of electrons that
can be accommodated in a shell is based on the principal quantum number (n). The subshells,
on the other hand, are determined by the azimuthal quantum number (l). The s, p, d, f
subshells can accommodate up to 2, 6, 10, 14 respectively. If you have observed, the subshells
are the same number of the elements on each block per energy level. For example, the
element Sodium (Na) has 11 electrons and is located on the 3rd energy level on the s block in
the first row, which means that its electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s1 .
Figure 4. Electron configuration displays the identity of an atom

Electron Spin
The electronic structure of an atom can be
described in terms of orbitals. So far, we have
learned how quantum mechanics can be used to
define an atom. In addition, the nature of orbitals
and their relative energies as well as how the
electrons populate the available orbitals must be
considered. But how do electrons really occupy
the available orbitals? To answer this question,
we must consider the additional property of the
electron .
In the previous lesson, we have learned about the spin quantum
number which describes the direction in which the electron is
spinning within an orbital.
It is essential to note that understanding how the electron

behaves gives way to comprehend the electronic structure of
atoms. It is important to remember that the electron spin is
represented by the possible values of the spin quantum number.
The spinning of electrons generates magnetic spins whose
directions depends on the direction of the spin, making it an
electric charge in motion. Paramagnetism is the attraction of
materials to a magnetic field; it refers to the magnetic state of an
atom with one or more unpaired electrons. Diamagnetism is the
repulsion of materials by a magnetic field; these materials are
characterized by paired electrons. The reason it repels a
magnetic field is because when orbitals are filled with paired
electrons, they are spinning in opposite directions, as stated in
Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, and as a result, the magnetic field of
electrons gets cancelled out, thus there is no magnetic moment.
To determine whether a substance is paramagnetic or
diamagnetic, the electron configuration must be
examined. If it has unpaired electrons, it is
paramagnetic. If all electrons are paired, the substance
is diamagnetic.
Example:
ASSESSMENT
1. Which of the following statements about the s, p, and d orbitals are true?
a. 3p orbital has the same energy with a 3s orbital
b. only s orbital can have a maximum of 6 electrons
c. s, p, and d orbitals are of the same shape but of different energy levels
d. a p orbital has a higher energy than the s orbital of the same principal
quantum number
2. What element is element X if it has the following electronconfiguration and orbital
diagram?
a. Aluminum
b. Boron
c. Neon
d. Phosphorus
3. How many electrons can the p-orbital hold?
a. 2
b. 6
c. 10
d. 14
4. Which is the correct way of writing the orbital diagram of the element
Nitrogen?
5. Which of the following elements can generate electromagnetic
a. Br field?
b. Ca
c. He
d. K
6. Which of the following is the correct sequence of increasing energy

a. 2s,3p, 3d, 4s level?
b. 4s,3d, 3p, 4p
c. 3s, 3p, 4s, 5f
d. 6s,4f, 5d, 6p
7. What type of orbital must an electron with principal quantum number n=2
occupy?
a. cone-shaped orbital
b. either an s or p orbital
c. low density region of space
d. the orbital closest to the nucleus
8. Which element is diamagnetic?

a. Antimony
b. Barium
c. Sodium
d. Polonium
9. The total number of unpaired electrons of Cobalt (Co – 27) is
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
10. In a subshell of an atom, the total number of allowed orbitals is equal to:
a. l
b. l + 1
c. l + 2
d. 2l + 1
Thank you for Joining the
Class!!!!

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY

For the times that we failed to call

1. write the electronic configuration of elements;

Orbital diagrams can help determine the electron

Figure 2. Filling up of electrons according to Aufbau Principle

the orbital diagram should look like:

Figure 4. Electron configuration displays the identity of an atom

It is essential to note that understanding how the electron

6. Which of the following is the correct sequence of increasing energy

8. Which element is diamagnetic?

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