FORCES OF ATTRACTION

between atoms within a molecule or between molecules are called

formula unit are called
intermolecular forces of attraction
intramolecular forces of attraction
may be
may be formed either by

dipole-dipole H-bond London dispersion

transfer of sharing of (between polar (between H, (between any
electrons, forming electrons, forming molecules) and N, O, or F) molecule)

ionic bond covalent bond

physical properties influence
with equal sharing of with unequal sharing of of substances
electrons is called electrons is called
such as
nonpolar polar boiling point, melting point,
covalent bond covalent bond material hardness
CHAPTER 3: WHAT TIES US?
LESSON 3.2
Substances &
Their Properties
Main Idea:
Substances have different properties that depend on their
chemical structure.
EQ: What renders the properties of substances?
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

IONIC COMPOUNDS
► a chemical compound consisting of cations and anions
The positive and negative ions are
combined in a proportion such that a
neutral compound is obtained; meaning,
the net charge of the compound is zero.
► most exist as solids, with mutually
attracted cations and anions arranged in a
three-dimensional crystal lattice.
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL FORMULA
► used to represent the composition of a compound
► presents all the atoms in a compound and their relative
numbers using element symbols and numerical subscripts.
FORMULA UNIT – used to represent an ionic compound
Example:
one formula unit of sodium chloride (NaCl)
consists of one sodium cation and
one chloride anion
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL FORMULA
► used to represent the composition of a compound
► presents all the atoms in a compound and their relative
numbers using element symbols and numerical subscripts.
FORMULA UNIT – used to represent the an ionic
compound
In case of
barium chloride (BaCl2)
one barium cation requires two
chloride anions to achieve
electrical neutrality
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

IONIC COMPOUNDS
► can be good conductors of
electricity when dissolved in water
► soluble in water due to high
polarity caused by high
electronegativity difference between
component atoms
► when dissolve, the cations & anions dissociate & are surrounded by
water molecules --- move freely to carry electrical current.
This makes the solution electrically conducting.
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

IONIC COMPOUNDS
► also hard, but brittle
► Electrostatic attractions in solid hold
ions in definite positions in the lattice.
► These attractions must be overcome
by a strong force to dislodge ions in the
lattice.
► When this happens, the positions of ions shift so that ions of like
charges are close together.
► The closeness results in strong repulsions between the similarly
charged ions, causing the solid to break.
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
►a chemical compound with molecules as its simplest units
MOLECULAR FORMULA – used to
represent the types and number of atoms
combined in a single molecule of a
molecular compound
► Ex.: H2 (hydrogen gas)
2 – there are two H atoms in a molecule of H2
► diatomic molecule – ex. is hydrogen molecule
► “di” – presence of 2 atoms in a molecule
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
►a chemical compound with molecules as its simplest units
MOLECULAR FORMULA – used to
represent the types and number of atoms
combined in a single molecule of a
molecular compound
► Ex.: CO2 (carbon dioxide).
One carbon atom & two oxygen atoms
► polyatomic molecule – contains more than 2 atoms
► “poly” – means many
 MOLECULAR FORMULAS

• THE MOLECULAR FORMULA IS THE FORMULA OF A

MOLECULAR COMPOUND
• IT SHOWS HOW MANY ATOMS OF EACH ELEMENT A
MOLECULE CONTAINS
• EX: H2O CONTAINS 3 ATOMS (2 ATOMS OF H, 1 ATOM OF O)
• C2H6 CONTAINS 8 ATOMS (2 ATOMS OF C, 6 ATOMS OF H)
 PRACTICE
HOW MANY ATOMS TOTAL AND OF EACH DO THE FOLLOWING
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS CONTAIN?
1. H2
2. CO
3. CO2
4. NH3
5. C2H6O
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
► Thesolubility of covalent compounds in water, a polar
compound, depends on the overall polarity of the molecule.
POLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS – dissolve in water
NONPOLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS – soluble in nonpolar solvents like hexane
“like dissolves like”
- general rule to describe
the solubility of molecule
compounds in different
solvents
SUBSTANCES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

METALS
► malleable – can be bent or shaped
► attributed to the layered arrangement of atoms comprising a metal
► these layers can slide over one another when metal is bent,
hammered, or pressed
METALLIC BONDS are strong.
METALS
► can maintain regular structure
► have high melting and boiling points
► good conductors of electricity
► excellent conductors of heat
CHAPTER 3: WHAT TIES US?
LESSON 3.3
Intermolecular
Forces of Attraction
Main Idea:
Intermolecular forces of attraction are weak forces that exist
between molecules.
EQ: How do intermolecular forces of attraction define the
properties and uses of matter?
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

Why water forms beads rather than

spread out on a leaf surface?
► The bead formation is due to the
molecules of water being more attracted to
each other rather than to the molecules
comprising the leaf.
► Water often forms small domes or beads
that contain 1 x 1023 or more molecules
Bead formation of clinging to each other.
water on a leaf
 INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
DENSITY HARDNESS SOLUBILITY PHYSICAL STATE

► characteristics of matter that are observed without changing its

chemical composition
► attributed
to INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
ATTRACTION (IMFA) – the forces of attraction that exist
between the molecules that comprise matter
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

STRENGTH OF A SUBSTANCE’S IMFA

► determines many of its physical properties
MELTING POINT BOILING POINT

► Br2 – bromine molecule

boils very easily & has extremely weak IMFA
► H2 O – water
has higher boiling point, more substantial, & stronger IMFA
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

► Compared to the chemical bonds that hold ions in ionic compounds or atoms in
molecular compounds, intermolecular forces are weaker.

► Ionic compounds have higher boiling points than molecular compounds. Higher
boiling points indicate greater IMFA between particles of a sample liquid.
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

Intermolecular forces also affect solubility.

►A polar substance is only soluble (or miscible when
dealing with liquid solute and solvent) in another polar
substance; and
► A nonpolar substance is only soluble in another nonpolar
substance
► “like dissolves like” – simple rule in determining the
solubility of one compound in another
► “likeness” – pertains to the polarity of the solute or the
solvent
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

Intermolecular forces also affect solubility.

EXAMPLES:
► OIL (nonpolar substance) is not soluble or immiscible in WATER
(polar substance).
► SUCROSE or sugar (polar substance) is soluble in WATER.
► SODIUM CHLORIDE (table salt) will also dissolve in
WATER because of its polar ionic nature.
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

TYPES OF IMFA
►arise from attractions between partial positive and partial
negative electrical charges – referred to as
van der Waals forces, named after Dutch physicist
Johannes Diederik van der Waals

DIPOLE-DIPOLE HYDROGEN LONDON

FORCES BONDS DISPERSION FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

TYPES OF IMFA
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
►intermolecular forces of attraction acting on polar molecules
►short-ranged forces that exist between molecules that are
very near to each other
►the partially negative atom of one polar molecule attracts the
partially positive atom of another molecule
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

TYPES OF IMFA
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

TYPES OF IMFA
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
►a polar molecule can induce a temporary dipole in a nonpolar
molecule by temporarily attracting its electrons

►DIPOLE-INDUCED DIPOLE – attractive force that is

weaker than dipole-dipole interactions
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

TYPES OF IMFA
HYDROGEN BONDING
►special type of dipole-dipole interaction
►results when a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly
electronegative atom like nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine is
attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative
atom of another molecule
►the boiling points of hydrogen-bonded molecules are higher
due to the special stability provided by the hydrogen bonds
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

TYPES OF IMFA
HYDROGEN BONDING
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

TYPES OF IMFA
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
►Fritz Wolfgang London (1930, German-American physicist)
suggested that intermolecular forces exist between all atoms
and molecules
►LDF – these forces result from the constant movement of
electrons in molecules, which consequently creates
instantaneous dipoles
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

TYPES OF IMFA
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
►weakest type of IMFA
►only exist when atoms are in very close range
►only forces existing among atoms in noble gases and
nonpolar molecular compounds – substances have low boiling points
►increase with increasing molar mass
For example, between the nonpolar molecules of Br2 (159.8
g/mol) and I2 (253.8g/mol), I2 has higher boiling point than Br2.
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

TYPES OF IMFA
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
►To compare the strength of London dispersion and dipole-
dipole forces, consider Br2 (nonpolar) and ICl (polar), which
have relatively comparable molar masses of 159.8 g/mol and
162.4 g/mol respectively. Notice form table 3-2 that the boiling
point of ICl (97°C) is higher than that of Br2 (59°C). This
supports that dipole-dipole forces are indeed stronger than
London dispersion forces.
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N

TYPES OF IMFA
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR F O R C C E S O F AT T R A C T I O N
 QUIZ 3
1.A chemical compound consisting of cations and anions.
2.used to represent the types and number of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound
3.general rule to describe the solubility of molecule compounds in different solvents
4. IMFA that exist between polar molecules
5.weakest type of IMFA exist when atoms are in very close range
6.weak Forces that exist between molecules
7.used to represent the composition of a compound, presents all the atoms in a compound and their relative numbers using element, symbols
and numerical subscripts.
8.special type of dipole-dipole interaction results when a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom like nitrogen, oxygen, or
fluorine
9-10 physical properties of substances
 QUIZ 3
1.A chemical compound consisting of cations and anions. (Ionic Compound)
2.used to represent the types and number of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound (Molecular
Formula)
3.general rule to describe the solubility of molecule compounds in different solvents
“Like dissolves likes”
4. IMFA that exist between polar molecules (DIPOLE-DIPOLE)
5.weakest type of IMFA exist when atoms are in very close range
(LONDON DISPERSION FORCES)
6.weak Forces that exist between molecules (Intermolecular forces of Attraction)
7.used to represent the composition of a compound, presents all the atoms in a compound and their relative numbers using
element, symbols and numerical subscripts. (Chemical Formula)
7. special type of dipole-dipole interaction results when a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom like nitrogen,
oxygen, or fluorine (Hydrogen Bond)
9-10 physical properties of substances (Boiling point, melting point and hardness)
• 1. Ionic Compound
• 2. Chemical