Electronic Structure of The Atom: Charlito R. Aligado

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF CHARLITO R.
ALIGADO
THE ATOM
OBJECTIVES
Explain Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle
Describe how atomic orbitals arise from the Schrodinger equation
Relate orbital shapes to electron density distribution
Qualitatively sketch the orbital shapes
Interpret the information obtained from a set of four quantum numbers
Assign the correct set of quantum numbers for an electron
HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY
PRINCIPLE
“the position of a particle and its momentum
cannot be simultaneously measured with
arbitrarily high precision.”
where "x” is the uncertainty in position, "p” is the

uncertainty in momentum, and h is Planck’s constant.
BOHR MODEL VS. HEISENBERG
UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
According to the Bohr model, the electron goes around the nucleus
in well-defined orbits, the radius of which can be determined.
The Bohr model violates Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.
Electrons do not go around the nucleus in well-defined orbits.
Otherwise, we will be able to determine the exact position and
momentum of the electron in the atom at the same time. A better
model is needed to fully describe the atom.
THE QUANTUM NUMBERS
The Principal Quantum Number (n)

The Angular Momentum Quantum Number (ℓ)
The Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
The Electron Spin Quantum Number (ms)
THE PRINCIPAL QUANTUM
NUMBER (N)
a. Determines the energy of an orbital
b. Determines the orbital size
c. Is related to the average distance of the electron from
the nucleus in a particular orbital; the larger the n value,
the farther the average distance of the electron from the
nucleus
d. Can have the values: n = 1, 2, 3, …
e. Orbitals with the same n are said to be in the same
shell.
THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM
QUANTUM NUMBER (ℓ)
• Describes the “shape” of the orbitals
• Can have the following values: ℓ = 0, 1, 2, up to n-1.
• Orbitals with the same n and values belong to the same subshell.
• It is usually designated by letters s, p, d, f, … which have a
historical origin from spectral lines. The designations are as follows
THE MAGNETIC QUANTUM
NUMBER (ML)
• Describes the orientation of the orbital in space
• Can have the values: - ℓ, (-ℓ + 1), … 0, … (+ ℓ -1),
+ℓ
THE ELECTRON SPIN
QUANTUM NUMBER (M S)
• The first three quantum numbers describe the energy, shape and
orientation of orbitals. The 4th quantum number refers to two
different spin orientations of electrons in a specified orbital.
• The spin orientations are called "spin-up" or "spin-down"
and is assigned the number ms = ½ ms = -½, respectively.
• The spin property of an electron would give rise to magnetic
moment, which was a requisite for the fourth quantum
number.
FOR EXAMPLE
An electron is found in the first energy level. What is the
allowed set of quantum numbers for this electron?
1. The energy level, n = 1.
2. The orbital type is only s, its designation is 0, thus, ℓ = 0
3. From ℓ, the orbital type is s. There is only one orientation
of an s orbital, designated as 0, thus, mℓ = 0.m
4. An electron in the 1s orbital can have an up-spin or a
down-spin. Therefore, ms could be +1/2 or -1/2.
So the allowed set of quantum numbers
for 1s electron are: (1,0,0,1/2) and (1,0,0,-
1/2)
THE QUANTUM NUMBERS AND THE
CORRESPONDING ATOMIC ORBITALS
THE REPRESENTATIONS OF THE
SHAPES OF ATOMIC ORBITALS
ELECTRON Charlito R. Aligado
CONFIGURATION
OBJECTIVES
• Explain the unique electron distribution of the
atom;
• Compare and contrast the orbital energies in a
hydrogen atom with that of the many-electron
atom;
• Write the electron configuration of an atom using
the conventional method as well as the core noble
gas configurations;
• Illustrate the electron distribution using orbital
OBJECTIVES
• Determine magnetic properties of an atom based on
itS electronic configuration; and
• Determine valence configuration and valence
electrons.
• Relate valence configuration of elements with
position of element in the periodic table.
• Orbitals with the same principal quantum
number, n, have the same energy
(degenerate). It means that in a hydrogen
atom, the lowest energy is 1s. It is the most
stable condition, or termed as the ground
state. An electron in the ground state is most
strongly held by the nucleus.
•When an external energy hits an atom, the
electron in the 1s orbital, can jump to the 2s, 2p
or higher orbitals and this electron is said to be
in the excited state.
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
•For the electron in the ground state of hydrogen, the electron
configuration is given as
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
• In an orbital diagram, a 1s orbital can be represented
as a box with 1 arrow up (up-spin) or arrow down
(down-spin).
• In filling up the orbitals, the lower energy levels are
filled up first before the higher energy levels.
PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
• This states that in an atom or molecule, no two
electrons can have the same four electronic quantum
numbers. As an orbital can contain a maximum of only
two electrons, two electrons must have opposing spins.
HUND’S RULE
• States that, “every orbital in a sublevel is singly
occupied before any orbital before any orbital is
doubly occupied and all of the electrons in singly
occupied orbitals have the same spin (to maximize
total spin)”.
•Paramagnetic materials are those that contain unpaired
electrons or spins and are attracted by a magnet.
•Diamagnetic materials are those with paired spins and are
repelled by a magnet.
•Any atom with an odd number of electrons will contain one or
more unpaired spins, and are therefore attracted by a magnet,
thus, can be classified as paramagnetic.
AUFBAU PRINCIPLE
• dictates that as protons are added one by one to the nucleus to
build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to the
atomic orbitals. The order of filling up the atomic orbitals is
from lowest energy to highest energy. Within the same
principal quantum number, the order of energies of the
atomic orbitals is
s"<"p"<"d"<"f"
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
MNEMONICS
•Valence configuration: The electronic configuration
representing the outermost subshells.
•Valence electrons: the number of electrons in the outermost
subshells.
PREDICTING ELECTRON
CONFIGURATIONS OF IONS
What is the electron configuration of:
(a) Na+
(b) P3–
(c) Al2+
(d) Fe2+
(e) Sm3+
THE QUANTUM NUMBERS AND THE ARRANGEMENTS
OF ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

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ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF CHARLITO R.

where "x” is the uncertainty in position, "p” is the

The Principal Quantum Number (n)

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