Section 2 Part 1

Section 2.
Mathematics
as a Tool (Part 1)
Data Management
Terminologies
 Raw Data
 Range
 Frequency Distribution
 Class Limits (or Apparent Limits)
 Class Boundaries (or Real Limits)
 Interval (or width)
 Frequency (f)
 Percentage
 Cumulative Frequency
 Midpoint
Population vs Sample
 POPULATION
- is the totality of all items of interest.
- data gathered from a population are called parameters
 SAMPLE
- is a representative part of the population
- data gathered from a sample are called statistics
Population vs Sample
EXAMPLES:
1. The average grade in Math of all grade 6 pupils in an elementary school is
82.3%.
2. Of 1000 students in grade 8, the motivation level of 390 students enrolled

in science is 4.2 in a 5-point Likert scale.
3. The average tuition fee in a private highschool is P35000.

Activity 1 - M
 Determine the population, sample, population parameters, and sample

statistic for the given studies.
1. In a survey of college students enrolled in a higher education

institution, seven among ten students pursued the strand in STEM.
a. Population _____________________________
b. Sample ________________________________
c. Parameter ______________________________
d. Statistic ________________________________
Graphing Statistical Data
 HISTOGRAM
- is a graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis
and the class frequencies on the vertical axis
 FREQUENCY POLYGON
- is a graph that displays the data using points which are connected
by lines
 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY POLYGON (OGIVE)

- is a graph that displays the cumulative frequencies for the classes
in a frequency distribution.
Pareto Chart
Bar Chart
Pictograph
Pie Chart
Scatter Plot
Measures of Central Tendency
A. MEAN
- denoted by the symbol “x̄”, called “x bar” for mean of sample
- denoted by the symbol “μ”, called “mu” for mean of population
Properties of Mean
1. A set of data has only one mean
2. Mean can be applied for interval or ratio data.
3. All values in the data set are included in computing the mean.
4. The mean is very useful in comparing two or more data sets.
5. Mean is affected by the extreme small or large values on a data set.
6. Mean is most appropriate in symmetrical data.

Where,
= sample mean
= population mean
x = the value of any particular observation or measurement
= sum of all x’s
n = total number of values in the sample
N = total number of values in the population

Example 1: The daily salaries of eight employees at GRM Inc. are P550, P420,
P560, P500, P700, P670, P860, P480. Find the mean daily rate of employees.
Solution:
=
=
=
= P592.50
The sample mean daily salary of employees is P592.50.


Example 2: Find the population mean of the age of 9 middle-management
employees of a certain company. The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58,
and 55.
Solution:
=
=
=
= 52.11
The mean population age of middle-management employees is 52.11.

MEDIAN
- midpoint of the data array
Properties of Median
1. The median is unique, there is only one median for a set of data.
2. The median is found by arranging the set of data from lowest to highest or
vice versa and getting the value of the middle observation.
3. Median is not affected by the extreme small or large values.
4. Median can be applied for ordinal, interval and ratio data.
5. Median is most appropriate in skewed data.
To
 determine
the value of median for ungrouped, we need to consider two rules:
1. If n is odd, the median is the middle ranked.
2. If n is even, then the median is the average of the two middle ranked values.
Median (Rank value) =
 Example 1: Fin the median of the ages of 9 middle-management employees of a
certain company. The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, and 55.
Solution:
Step 1. Arrange the data in order
45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59
Step 2. Select the middle rank value
Median (Rank value) = = = = 5
Step 3. Identify the median in the data seta
45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59

Example 2: The daily salaries of eight employees at GRM Inc. are P550, P420,
P560, P500, P700, P670, P860, P480. Find the median daily rate of
employees.
Solution:
Step 1. Arrange the data in order
P420, P480, P500, P550, P560, P670, P700, P860
Step 2. Select the middle rank value
Median (Rank value) = = = = 4.5
Step 3. Identify the median in the data seta
P420, P480, P500, P550, P560, P670, P700, P860
Median = = 555
MODE
- the value in a data set that appears most frequently
- can be unimodal, bimodal, or multimodal.
- when all data set values have the same frequency, the data set has no
mode.
Properties of Mode
1. The mode is found by locating the most frequently occurring value.
2. The mode is the easiest average to compute.
3. There can be more than one mode or even no mode in any given data set.
4. Mode is not affected by extreme small or large values
5. Mode can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data.
 Example 1: The following data represent the total unit sales for Smartphones
from a small sample of 10 Communication Centers for the month of August:
15, 17, 10, 12, 13, 10, 14, 10, 8, and 9. Find the mode.
Solution:
The ordered array for these data set is
8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17
Because 10 appears 3 times, more times than the other values.
Therefore the mode is 10.
 Example 2: Find the mode of the ages of 9 middle-management employees of
a certain company. The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, and 55.
Solution:
The ordered array for these data set is
45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59
There is no mode since the data set. has the same frequency
WEIGHTED
 MEAN
=
where,
= weighted mean
wi = corresponding weight
xi = the value of any particular observations or measurement

Example 1: At the mathematics Department of San Sebastian College there
are 18 instructors, 12 assistant professors, 7 associate professors, and 3
professors. Their monthly salary are P30500, P33700, P38600 and P45000.
What is the weighted mean salary.
Solution:
Let = 18 = 12 =7 =3
x1 = 30500 x2 = 33700 x3 = 38600 x4 = 45000
=
=
=
The weighted mean salary is P33965.

Example 2: A certain subdivision in Laguna consists of 50 homes. The table
below shows the frequency distribution of homes with respect to the number
of bedrooms it has. Find the mean number of bedrooms for the 50 homes.
No. of Bedrooms 2 3 4 5 6
No. of Homes 13 21 10 4 2
Solution:
Let =2 =3 =4 =5 =6 x1 =
13 x2 = 21 x3 = 10 x4 = 4 x5 = 2
=
=
=
The weighted mean of bedrooms per home is 3.22
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

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Section 2.

2. Of 1000 students in grade 8, the motivation level of 390 students enrolled

3. The average tuition fee in a private highschool is P35000.

 Determine the population, sample, population parameters, and sample

1. In a survey of college students enrolled in a higher education

 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY POLYGON (OGIVE)

The sample mean daily salary of employees is P592.50.

The mean population age of middle-management employees is 52.11.

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