Valves

Valves
Valves are used on hydraulic pumps and air compressors to control fluid direction, pressure,
and flow rate. Valves are found in most industrial processes including: water and sewage
processing, mining, power generation, oil processing, gas and petroleum, food manufacturing,
chemical and plastic manufacturing, and many other fields. Valve mechanisms are classified as
a spool, poppet, slide, rotary, and diaphragm.
.
Spool Mechanism
Used in both pneumatic and hydraulic valves. They slide inside a sleeve, controlling flow between two ports.
Characteristics include a short stroke, low friction, requires little actuation force, and is suitable for high pressures
Poppet Mechanism
A poppet is a component in the valve that covers an internal passage and is held in place by air pressure and a
spring. Cartridge valves consist of a poppet, sleeve, and spring that are contained in a machined manifold block.
When actuated, a stem pushes the poppet away from the seat to allow air flow. They are used for heavy flows with
minimum pressure drop.
Slide Mechanism
The slide valve is a rectilinear valve used to control the admission of steam into and emission of exhaust from the
cylinder of a steam engine.
In the 19th century, most steam locomotives used slide valves to control the flow of steam into and out of the
cylinders. In the 20th century, slide valves were gradually superseded by piston valves, particularly in engines using
superheated steam. There were two reasons for this:
With piston valves, the steam passages can be made shorter. This reduces resistance to the flow of steam and
improves efficiency.
It is difficult to lubricate slide valves adequately in the presence of superheated steam.
Rotary Mechanism:
A rotary valve is a type of valve in which the rotation of a passage or passages in a transverse plug regulates the flow of
liquid or gas through the attached pipes. The common stopcock is the simplest form of rotary valve. Rotary valves have
been applied in numerous applications, including:
Changing the pitch of brass instruments.

Controlling the steam and exhaust ports of steam engines, most notably in the Corliss steam engine.
Certain types of two-stroke and four-stroke engines.
Most hydraulic automotive power steering control valves
Diaphragm valves:
Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) consists of a valve body with two or more ports, an elastomeric diaphragm,
and a "weir or saddle" or seat upon which the diaphragm closes the valve. The valve body may be constructed from
plastic, metal, wood or other materials depending on the intended use.
Pressure Control Valves
Pressure control valves modulate pressure level in fluid-power circuits. There are several types available
and they are categorized by function.
Relief Valves
Used to keep the pressure in the lines from going above a level that would damage equipment. A spring
holds the relief valve closed until the pressure level of the hydraulic force on the inlet port exceeds the
spring pressure. The valve ports the hydraulic fluid back into the reservoir.
Reducing Valves
Used to limit pressure levels of branch circuits. When the circuit reaches a predetermined pressure, the reducing valve
restricts flow by moving the spool.
Sequence Valves
These valves sense pressures other than maximum. They are normally closed and when the pressure reaches preset
levels, they permit flow between inlet and output ports . Sequence valves normally come with a reverse check, which
causes the system to sequence in one direction only.
Unloading Valves
Cause a pump to go off-line when a certain pressure is reached, while maintaining pressure. When the pressure falls to
a set amount, the valve closes and boosts pressure back to the preset level and then unloads the pump again.
Brake Valve
Used for dynamic braking on a hydraulic motor. It has a relief valve where the back pressure to
slow the motor can be set.
Counterbalance Valve
Used in cylinder circuits to put a back pressure on the cylinder and prevent load
from uncontrollably falling. It is considered a safety valve in machines like manlifts and presses.
Flow-Control Valves
Fluid flow is controlled by either throttling or diverting it. Throttling limits flow by
reducing the size of an orifice and bypassing part of the flow around a circuit, so the
actuator only receives the portion needed to perform the task.
Meter-in system: inlet flow of an actuator is controlled

Meter-out circuit: outlet flow of an actuator is controlled
Bleed-off system: fluid is diverted to a reservoir or another part of the circuit
Characteristics of Valves:
Flow Capacity
Valve size can be based on the size of pipe connections or on flow capacity. Valve flow capacity
can be expressed as a nominal or maximum rating.
Nominal Flow Rating

The amount of flow a valve can handle with relatively low pressure drop. It is typically the
hydraulic flow that creates a 50 to 60 psi pressure drop.
Maximum Rating
The maximum flow a hydraulic valve can control without malfunction. If subjected to higher flow,
controlling pressure may be insufficient to shift the valve spool mechanism.
Size Ratings
Refers to the physical size of the port.
Flow Coefficient (Cv)

As a valve restricts the flow of a fluid, there is a proportional drop in pressure on the outlet.

Valves

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Valves

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Valves

Changing the pitch of brass instruments.

Meter-in system: inlet flow of an actuator is controlled

Nominal Flow Rating

Flow Coefficient (Cv)

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