Scribd
Upload
27 views

Intermolecular Forces of Liquids and Solids Solids and Their Properties

The document discusses intermolecular forces in liquids and solids. It compares the properties of crystalline and amorphous solids, and classifies crystals according to the attractive forces between their component particles. Crystalline solids have a regular repeating structure called a crystal lattice, while amorphous solids lack long-range order. The four main types of crystals are metallic, ionic, molecular, and covalent network crystals, which differ in their unit particles and bonding forces.

Uploaded by

Andre Jose Ermino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
27 views

Intermolecular Forces of Liquids and Solids Solids and Their Properties

The document discusses intermolecular forces in liquids and solids. It compares the properties of crystalline and amorphous solids, and classifies crystals according to the attractive forces between their component particles. Crystalline solids have a regular repeating structure called a crystal lattice, while amorphous solids lack long-range order. The four main types of crystals are metallic, ionic, molecular, and covalent network crystals, which differ in their unit particles and bonding forces.

Uploaded by

Andre Jose Ermino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 59

Intermolecular

Forces of Liquids
and Solids;
Solids and their
Properties
Specific
Learning
Outcomes At the • Compare the properties of crystalline and
end of the amorphous solids;
lesson, the • Classify crystals according to the attractive forces
between the component atoms, molecules, or ions
learners will be • Relate the properties of different types of solids
able to: to the bonding or interactions among particles in
these solids; and
• Predict the strongest force responsible for the
formation of a given solid.
Fluid- A gas or a liquid; a substance that can flow.

Crystal or crystalline solid - A solid material whose


components, such as atoms, molecules or ions, are
Vocabulary arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure.

Words: Ion - An atom or group of atoms that has a net


positive or negative charge.

Ionic crystal - A solid that consists of positively and


negatively charged ions held together by electrostatic
Network solid or covalent network crystal - A solid that
may be a chemical compound (or element) in which
atoms are bonded by covalent bonds in a continuous
network extending throughout the material.

Molecular crystal - A solid composed of molecules held


together by van der Waals forces (dispersion force,
dipoledipole attraction, hydrogen bonding).

Dispersion forces- Interactions that are the result from


temporary dipole moments induced in ordinarily
nonpolar molecules.
Dipole-dipole forces -Attractive forces between polar
molecules (molecules that possess permanent dipole
moments).

Hydrogen bond A special type of dipole-dipole interaction


between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond such as N‒H, O‒
H, or F‒H, and any of the electronegative atoms O, N, or F.

Crystal lattice The regular repeating structure of a crystalline


solid.

Unit cell The smallest subunit of a crystal lattice that can be


repeated over and over to make the entire crystal.
• Recall previous concepts on Kinetic Molecular Theory
and intermolecular forces in liquids and solids.
Describe the properties of a solid as a
result of the behavior of its particles:
a. Volume/Shape
b. Density
What is a c. Compressibility
solid? d. Motion of molecules
e. Rate of diffusion
What features can What is the How are the
What are be used to distinguishing structures of
the two distinguish a feature of crystals
crystalline solid
general types from an crystalline determined?
solids?
of solids? amorphous solid?
F. What form of
E. What are the
unit particles
four types of
makes up each
crystals?
type of crystal?

G. What forces
H. What are the
bind the unit
properties of each
particles of each
type of crystal?
type of crystal?
•Solids can be categorized into two
groups: the crystalline solids and the
amorphous solids. The differences in
properties of these two groups of
solids arise from the presence or
absence of long range order of
arrangements of the particles in the
solid.
• Arrangement of particles- The
components of a solid can be arranged in
two general ways: they can form a
regular repeating three-dimensional
structure called a crystal lattice, thus
producing a crystalline solid or they can
aggregate with no particular long range
order, and form an amorphous solid
(from the Greek ámorphos, meaning
“shapeless”).
•Crystalline solids are arranged in fixed
geometric patterns or lattices.

• Examples :
ice and sodium chloride (NaCl), copper
sulfate (CuSO4), diamond, graphite, and
sugar (C12H22O11).
Amorphous solids have a random
orientation of particles.

Examples of amorphous solids are :


glass, plastic, coal, and rubber. They are
considered super-cooled liquids where
molecules are arranged in a random
manner similar to the liquid state.
Behavior when heated - The presence or absence
of long-range order in the structure of solids
results in a difference in the behavior of the solid
when heated.
Amorphous solids soften gradually when they are
heated. They tend to melt over a wide range of
temperature
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=isIKVPnfryg
What is the distinguishing feature of
crystalline solids? How are the structures
of crystals determined?

The Crystal Lattice - Crystalline solids are


characterized by a regular repeating
structure called the crystal lattice.
•The seven different crystal structures include:

•Cubic - common, simple cube shape

•Hexagonal - flat top and bottom,


•and six sides like a hexagon
•Monoclinic - a prism-shaped crystal

•Orthorhombic - conjoined
pyramid shapes
•Tetragonal - rectangular shape like butter
sticks
•Triclinic - abstract forms
•Trigonal - rectangular with triangle ends
What are the four types of crystals? What form of
unit particles makes up each type of crystal? What
forces bind the unit particles of each type of crystal?
What are the properties of each type of crystal?

1. METALLIC CRYSTALS
2. IONIC CRYSTALS
3. MOLECULAR CRYSTALS
4. COVALENT NETWORK CRYSTALS
Metallic crystals are made of metals and held
together using metallic bonds. These crystals
have a shiny appearance and include copper,
gold, aluminum, and iron, to name a few.
•Metallic crystals are made of
atoms that readily lose
electrons to form positive ions
(cations), but no atoms in the
crystal would readily gain
electrons. The metal atoms give
up their electrons to the whole
crystal, creating a structure
made up of an orderly
arrangement of cations
surrounded by delocalized
electrons that move around the
crystal.
•Ionic crystals
are made of ions (cations and
anions). These ions form strong
electrostatic interactions that hold
the crystal lattice together. The
electrostatic attractions are
numerous and extend throughout
the crystal since each ion is
surrounded by several ions of
opposite charge, making ionic
crystals hard and of high melting
points
MOLECULAR CRYSTALS
are made of atoms, such as in noble gases, or
molecules, such as in sugar, C12H22O11, iodine, I2, and
naphthalene, C10H8. The atoms or molecules are held
together by a mix of hydrogen bonding/ dipole-dipole
and dispersion forces, and these are the attractive
forces that are broken when the crystal melts.. Hence,
most molecular crystals have relatively low melting
points.
Covalent network crystals
are made of atoms in which each atom is covalently bonded to its
nearest neighbors. The atoms can be made of one type of atom (e.g.
Cdiamond and Cgraphite) or can be made of different atoms (e.g. SiO2
and BN).
Indicate the type of crystalline solids each of the following would form upon crystallization. Tell
what type of particles are located at the lattice points and the type of attractive forces that exist
between the particles

Type of crystalline Types of Particles Attractive forces


solids at lattice points between lattice
points

HF molecular molecules Hydrogen Bonds

Cu

SiO2

I2

HCl

HBr
Laboratory activity: Creating my Own Crystals

1. How is the crystal formed?


2. Identify geometric patterns(Pictures of actual output)
3. Is it beneficial or harmful to man or both? Discuss how it is
beneficial or harmful to man.
4. If it is something harmful, what can be done to avoid its
formation? If it is something beneficial, how can its
formation be promoted?
•Reading Commentary on Crystal Formation.
Read about a crystal of your choice and write a four-six
paragraph essay by answering the following questions. Cite your
sources following the APA format.
1. How is the crystal formed?
2. Is it beneficial or harmful to man or both? Discuss how it is
beneficial or harmful to man.
3. If it is something harmful, what can be done to avoid its
formation? If it is something beneficial, how can its formation
be promoted?

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy